跳至內容

用戶:BlackShadowG/沙盒/KW

本頁使用了標題或全文手工轉換
維基百科,自由的百科全書
韓戰
6·25전쟁(六二五戰爭)
한국전쟁(韓國戰爭)
조국해방전쟁(祖國解放戰爭)
조선전쟁(朝鮮戰爭)

Korean War
冷戰朝鮮半島衝突的一部分

順時針方向從上到下:長津湖戰役中撤退的美國海軍陸戰隊;聯合國軍在仁川登陸;在美國M46巴頓坦克前面的南韓難民;美國海軍陸戰隊在巴多梅羅·盧比斯英語Baldomero Lopez中尉率領下登陸仁川;F-86軍刀戰鬥機
日期1950年6月25日-1953年7月27日[註 23]
(3年1個月又2天)
地點
狀態

軍事僵持

  • 北韓進攻並佔領韓國大部後被聯合國軍擊退
  • 聯合國軍進攻並佔領北韓大部後被中國人民志願軍擊退
  • 志願軍、人民軍收復北朝鮮領土,在佔領漢城一帶後遭到聯合國軍的反攻被擊退。
  • 戰線在38度線附近往復,雙方一邊繼續戰爭,一邊舉行和平談判。
  • 朝鮮停戰協定簽署,韓戰以停戰名義結束,但南北韓之間仍保持衝突狀態
領土變更
  • 南北韓非軍事區建立
  • 北韓取得開城,但淨損失1,500平方英里(3,900平方公里)領土[10]
  • 參戰方
    其他援助
    指揮官與領導者

    兵力
    峰值強度:

    合計: 972,334

    總計:
    1,780,000[19]
    峰值強度:

    合計: 1,642,000 / 1,742,000

    總計:
    2,970,000[26]
    72,000[25]
    傷亡與損失

    死亡和失蹤總數:170,927人死亡,32,585人失蹤(南韓162,394人,美國36,574人,其他4,544人)
    受傷總數: 566,434人
    [註 24]

    詳情

    死亡和失蹤總數:539,573-730,573(北韓316,000-507,000人,中國223,274人,蘇聯299人)
    受傷總數: 686,500人

    詳情
    •  北韓[44]
      陣亡215,000-406,000人[45][46]
      負傷303,000人
      失蹤或被俘101,000人
    •  中國
      (中國統計數據):
      陣亡197,653人[47]
      負傷383,218人
      45萬住院
      失蹤25,621人[48]
      被俘21,374人
      [註 27]
      (美方統計數據):[44]
      陣亡400,000+人
      負傷486,000人
      被俘21,839人[51]
    •  蘇聯
      陣亡299人
      335架飛機失蹤[52]
    • 被殺害的平民總數:200-300萬(估計)[53][54]
    • 南韓人:
      總傷亡人數990,968人[17]
    • 北韓人:
      總傷亡人數1,550,000人(估計)[17]

    韓戰,是朝鮮半島上的朝鮮民主主義人民共和國政權與大韓民國政權之間的戰爭,其中北韓由中華人民共和國蘇聯的軍隊支援,南韓由聯合國(主要是美國)的軍隊支援。戰爭於1950年6月25日在邊境地區的衝突和南部的叛亂之後,北韓入侵南韓開始[55][56][57],於1953年7月27日在簽署停戰協定後停戰。

    朝鮮半島自1910年起被大日本帝國統治,直至1945年第二次世界大戰結束;1945年8月,蘇聯對日宣戰,隨後根據與美國協定以北緯38度線為界分別接受日本投降,佔領朝鮮半島。1948年,在聯合國韓國問題臨時委員會的監督下選舉出南韓政府,蘇佔區隨後也成立政府[註 28]。此時佔領區成為兩個主權國家,北部在金日成共產主義極權主義領導下成立社會主義國家朝鮮民主主義人民共和國,南部則在在李承晚的專制主義領導下成立資本主義國家大韓民國。南北雙方均自認為是朝鮮半島的唯一合法政府,同時對整個朝鮮半島聲稱主權,拒絕承認以北緯38度線劃分的蘇美對日受降分界線為邊界。1949年,蘇、美佔領軍先後撤軍。在冷戰初期的緊張國際形勢背景下,南北雙方都企圖武力統一朝鮮半島,沿38度線兩邊各自囤駐軍隊。1950年6月25日凌晨4點,朝鮮人民軍以反擊侵略為由越過38度線入侵南韓,一般以此為韓戰之起點。[60]

    它是冷戰的第一場大規模「熱戰」。1949年應金日成要求,赴朝準備幫助北韓進攻南韓的中國朝鮮族三個師是朝鮮人民軍的主力[61]。戰爭爆發後,美國將朝鮮問題提交聯合國[註 29]蘇聯則拒絕在安理會參加朝鮮問題決議案的討論。當年6月下旬,聯合國安全理事會在常任理事國蘇聯缺席的情況下相繼通過第82號第83號決議,聲明此舉為「北朝鮮部隊」對大韓民國的武裝侵略,並敦促其立即停火,要求北韓軍隊撤回38度線[65][66][67][68]。6月27日美國正式參戰[69]:5210。7月7日,聯合國安理會通過第84號決議,由聯合國成員國的16個國家的軍隊和5個國家的醫療力量組成的「聯合國軍」參與韓戰,對大韓民國提供軍事和醫療協助。其中美國提供88%的戰鬥人員,佔據主導地位。聯合國軍由美國統一指揮,行動向安理會報告,而非聽命於聯合國秘書長[70][71][72]。隨後蘇聯空軍秘密參戰。

    朝鮮人民軍以裝備精良的蘇式武器與過倍的優勢人數,三日內攻陷南韓首都漢城大韓民國國軍美國軍隊遭受巨大損失,不斷後撤。至8月,北韓軍隊已迫近釜山環形防禦圈。朝鮮人民軍至9月初把美軍及南韓國軍驅至釜山一隅[69]:5210。9月15日,美軍以兩棲作戰的方式在仁川登陸,迅速扭轉戰局,朝鮮人民軍潰退回北方。10月7日,聯大通過第376號決議,重申統一朝鮮半島的目標尚未達成[註 30],當日聯合國軍入侵北朝鮮,並將戰線推至北韓與中國的邊界——鴨綠江附近。1950年10月19日,中國人民志願軍越過鴨綠江,參與戰爭。

    在隨後的戰役中,中朝聯軍將聯合國軍擊退到朝鮮半島南部,並攻佔漢城。1951年初,聯合國軍發動反攻後,戰線在38度線附近穩定下來。此後圍繞38度線進行了持續近兩年的消耗戰。然而,空中的戰爭從未陷入僵局,北朝鮮遭到了美軍的大規模轟炸。噴射式戰鬥機有史以來第一次在空對空的戰鬥中相互對峙,而蘇聯空軍也秘密參戰。

    1951年1月13日,聯合國提出停戰建議,但戰爭雙方均未對此回應。聯合國軍在此後的第四次戰役第五次戰役中反擊志願軍,使戰線再次回到38度線並陷入膠着。朝、中部隊連續五次戰役,把敵軍從鴨綠江邊逐回三八線附近,迫使美國於1951年7月接受停戰談判[69]:5210。戰線被聯軍推到三八線附近,展開拉鋸。

    1953年5月朝中軍隊發動夏季第五次戰役失敗 ,雙方實際控制線多在38度線以北。美國新任總統艾森豪威爾警告中國,如果繼續拖延和談,聯軍將與中國開戰並不保證不使用核武器。蘇聯史太林去世,新政府也要求中國簽署和談協定。6月7日,大韓民國總統李承晚拒絕美國領導的停戰,並撤出開城南韓停戰談判代表團[註 31]。不過談判仍繼續進行。

    在談判期間,美國先後發動多次攻勢,均被朝中擊退[69]:5210。1953年5月朝中軍隊發動夏季攻勢後,雙方於7月27日在板門店簽訂《朝鮮停戰協定[69]:5210。聯合國軍方面要求基本以實際控制線來定,沒有答應朝中方面要求的以原來的38度線為停戰分界線。協定建立南北韓非軍事區作為緩衝區,並就戰俘遣返問題作出安排。

    朝鮮半島南北雙方仍有外交衝突和軍事對峙,持續至今[註 32]

    韓戰也深深影響了中國,形成兩岸的格局,停戰逾25年後,美國與中華人民共和國建交,之後,隨着冷戰緩和,各方重新考慮在朝鮮半島的政策,聯合國和大多數國家逐漸改變為同時承認以停戰分界線劃疆而治的北韓、南韓兩個政權,而不介入雙方的領土爭端,故聯合國於1991年透過同時接納南北雙方加入為會員國的方式。 韓戰是當代最具破壞性的戰爭之一,戰爭死亡人數約為300萬,平民死亡比例高於第二次世界大戰越南戰爭。幾乎摧毀了朝鮮半島的所有主要城市,雙方都進行了數以千計的屠殺,包括北韓政權在漢城屠殺、南韓政府殺害上萬顛覆國家的共產主義者,以及北韓對戰俘的酷刑和飢餓致死。

    1. ^ United Nations Command > Organization > Contributors. [2020-09-14]. (原始內容存檔於2021-01-17). Host Nation - Republic of Korea 
    2. ^ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 《人民志願軍戰史》國防大學戰史簡編編寫組,國防大學出版社,1992年08月,ISBN 978-7-5065-1931-1。章節「敵我雙方資料表」。
    3. ^ 독일, 62년만에 6.25 전쟁 의료지원국에 포함…총 6개국으로 늘어. 해럴드 경제. 2018-06-22 [2021-04-04]. (原始內容存檔於2021-10-04). 
    4. ^ 參照錯誤:沒有為名為周琇環的參考文獻提供內容
    5. ^ Laura Desfor Edles. Symbol and Ritual in the New Spain: The Transition to Democracy after Franco. Cambridge University Press. 1998-05-28: 32. ISBN 0521628857. 
    6. ^ Whan-woo, Yi. Pakistan's Defense Day rekindles Korean War relief aid. 韓國時報. 2019-09-16 [2021-09-16]. (原始內容存檔於2020-11-27) (英語). "Relations between Pakistan and the Republic of Korea (ROK) started during the Korean war, when Pakistan, being a very new country on the map of the Earth, assisted ROK with $378,000 and tons of wheat," Defense Attache Col. Naveed Ahmed Abbassi at the Embassy of Pakistan in Seoul said during a reception last week to celebrate the 54th Defense Day. 
    7. ^ Young, Sam Ma. Israel's Role in the UN during the Korean War (PDF). Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs. 2010, 4 (3): 81–89. S2CID 219293462. doi:10.1080/23739770.2010.11446616. (原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2015-08-24). Instead, the Israeli government ultimately decided to send medical supplies and food items worth some $100,000. 
    8. ^ Cinnost CSLA za valky v Koreji... | Ross Hedvicek ... Nastenka AgitProp. Hedvicek.blog.cz. 1953-07-27 [2011-11-07]. (原始內容存檔於2017-09-08) (捷克語). 
    9. ^ Romania's "Fraternal Support" to North Korea during the Korean War, 1950-1953. 韋爾遜國際學者中心. [2013-01-24]. (原始內容存檔於2015-07-06). 
    10. ^ Birtle, Andrew J. The Korean War: Years of Stalemate. U.S. Army Center of Military History. 2000: 34 [2007-12-14]. (原始內容存檔於2007-12-14). 
    11. ^ Millett, Allan Reed (編). The Korean War, Volume 3. Korea Institute of Military History. U of Nebraska Press. 2001: 692 [2013-02-16]. ISBN 978-0803277960. Total Strength 602,902 troops 
    12. ^ Tim Kane. Global U.S. Troop Deployment, 1950–2003. Reports. The Heritage Foundation. 2004-10-27 [2013-02-15]. (原始內容存檔於2017-01-19). 
      Ashley Rowland. U.S. to keep troop levels the same in South Korea. Stars and Stripes. 2008-10-22 [2013-02-16]. (原始內容存檔於2020-05-19). 
      Colonel Tommy R. Mize, United States Army. U.S. Troops Stationed in South Korea, Anachronistic?. United States Army War College英語United States Army War College. Defense Technical Information Center. 2012-03-12 [2013-02-16]. (原始內容存檔於2013-04-13). 
      Louis H. Zanardi; Barbara A. Schmitt; Peter Konjevich; M. Elizabeth Guran; Susan E. Cohen; Judith A. McCloskey. Military Presence: U.S. Personnel in the Pacific Theater : Report to Congressional Requestors. United States General Accounting Office. August 1991: 70 [2020-10-24]. (原始內容存檔於2021-02-03). 
      KOREAN WAR - CASUALTY SUMMARY (PDF). Defense Manpower Data Center. Korean War Veterans Association, Inc. [2017-10-26]. (原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2020-09-21). 
    13. ^ 13.00 13.01 13.02 13.03 13.04 13.05 13.06 13.07 13.08 13.09 13.10 USFK Public Affairs Office. United Nations Command. United States Forces Korea. United States Department of Defense. [2013-02-17]. (原始內容存檔於2013-03-12). Republic of Korea – 590,911
      Colombia – 1,068
      United States – 302,483
      Belgium – 900
      United Kingdom – 14,198
      South Africa – 826
      Canada – 6,146
      The Netherlands – 819
      Turkey – 5,453
      Luxembourg – 44
      Australia – 2,282
      Philippines – 1,496
      New Zealand – 1,385
      Thailand – 1,204
      Ethiopia – 1,271
      Greece – 1,263
      France – 1,119
       
    14. ^ Rottman, Gordon L. Korean War Order of Battle: United States, United Nations, and Communist Ground, Naval, and Air Forces, 1950–1953. Greenwood Publishing Group. 2002: 126 [2013-02-16]. ISBN 9780275978358. A peak strength of 14,198 British troops was reached in 1952, with over 40 total serving in Korea. 
      UK-Korea Relations. British Embassy Pyongyang. Foreign and Commonwealth Office. 2012-02-09 [2013-02-16]. When war came to Korea in June 1950, Britain was second only to the United States in the contribution it made to the UN effort in Korea. 87,000 British troops took part in the Korean conflict, and over 1,000 British servicemen lost their lives 
      Jack D. Walker. A Brief Account of the Korean War. Information. Korean War Veterans Association. [2013-02-17]. (原始內容存檔於2020-05-19). Other countries to furnish combat units, with their peak strength, were: Australia (2,282), Belgium/Luxembourg (944), Canada (6,146), Colombia (1,068), Ethiopia (1,271), France (1,119), Greece (1,263), Netherlands (819), New Zealand (1,389), Philippines (1,496), Republic of South Africa (826), Thailand (1,294), Turkey (5,455), and the United Kingdom (Great Britain 14,198). 
    15. ^ Land of the Morning Calm: Canadians in Korea 1950 – 1953. Veterans Affairs Canada. Government of Canada. 2013-01-07 [2013-02-22]. (原始內容存檔於2013-11-02). Peak Canadian Army strength in Korea was 8,123 all ranks. 
    16. ^ 16.0 16.1 16.2 Edwards, Paul M. Korean War Almanac. Almanacs of American wars. Infobase Publishing英語Infobase Publishing. 2006: 517 [2013-02-22]. ISBN 9780816074679. (原始內容存檔於2013-05-09). 
    17. ^ 17.00 17.01 17.02 17.03 17.04 17.05 17.06 17.07 17.08 17.09 17.10 17.11 17.12 17.13 17.14 17.15 17.16 17.17 Casualties of Korean War. Ministry of National Defense of Republic of Korea. [2007-02-14]. (原始內容存檔於2013-01-20) (韓語). 
    18. ^ Post-War Warriors: Japanese Combatants in the Korean War−− | The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus. apjjf.org. [2020-05-16]. (原始內容存檔於2020-05-18). 
    19. ^ Fact Sheet: America's Wars".頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館) U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs, Washington D.C., May 2017.
    20. ^ 齊德學. 巨人的较量:抗美援朝高层决策. 遼寧人民出版社. ISBN 9787205088507. 
    21. ^ 方士華. 兄弟同心:用血凝成的中朝友. 藍天出版社. ISBN 7509411017. 
    22. ^ Zhang, Shu Guang. Mao's Military Romanticism: China and the Korean War, 1950–1953. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. 1995: 257. ISBN 978-0700607235. 
    23. ^ Xiaobing, Li (2009). A History of the Modern Chinese Army Lexington: University Press of Kentucky. p. 105: "By December 1952, the Chinese forces in Korea had reached a record high of 1.45 million men, including fifty-nine infantry divisions, ten artillery divisions, five antiaircraft divisions, and seven tank regiments. CPVF numbers remained stable until the armistice agreement was signed in July 1953."
    24. ^ Shrader, Charles R. Communist Logistics in the Korean War. Issue 160 of Contributions in Military Studies. Greenwood Publishing Group. 1995: 90 [2013-02-17]. ISBN 978-0313295096. NKPA strength peaked in October 1952 at 266,600 men in eighteen divisions and six independent brigades. 
    25. ^ 25.0 25.1 Kolb, Richard K. In Korea we whipped the Russian Air Force. VFW Magazine (Veterans of Foreign Wars). 1999, 86 (11) [2013-02-17]. (原始內容存檔於2013-05-10). Soviet involvement in the Korean War was on a large scale. During the war, 72,000 Soviet troops (among them 5,000 pilots) served along the Yalu River in Manchuria. At least 12 air divisions rotated through. A peak strength of 26,000 men was reached in 1952. 
    26. ^ Xu, Yan. Korean War: In the View of Cost-effectiveness. Consulate General of the People's Republic of China in New York. 2003-07-29 [2007-08-12]. (原始內容存檔於2011-07-15). 
    27. ^ 27.0 27.1 1953年8月14日,朝鮮人民軍司令部和中國人民志願軍司令部聯合發佈戰績公報。《中國人民解放軍全史》載。
    28. ^ 6·25전쟁통계. 大韓民國國防部. [2021-02-06]. (原始內容存檔於2013-01-20). (韓文)
    29. ^ Appleman 1989,第403頁.
    30. ^ Paik 1992,第111頁
    31. ^ Appleman 1989,第244頁.
    32. ^ 32.0 32.1 Appleman 1989,第40頁.
    33. ^ 33.0 33.1 U.S. Military Casualties - Korean War Casualty Summary. Defense Casualty Analysis System. 美國國防部. [2018-04-25]. (原始內容存檔於2018-04-26) (英語). (英文)
    34. ^ U.S. MILITARY KOREAN WAR STATISTICS. AII POW-MIA. [2008-09-09]. (原始內容存檔於2007-07-06) (英語). 
    35. ^ Records of American Prisoners of War During the Korean War, created, 1950–1953, documenting the period 1950–1953. Access to Archival Databases. National Archives and Records Administration. [2013-02-06]. (原始內容存檔於2013-11-01). This series has records for 4,714 U.S. military officers and soldiers who were prisoners of war (POWs) during the Korean War and therefore considered casualties. 
    36. ^ Korean war. 英國駐南韓大使館網站. [2008-09-08]. (原始內容存檔於2009-10-17) (英語). 
    37. ^ The Turks in the Korean War. [2011-07-17]. (原始內容存檔於2011-06-28) (英語). 
    38. ^ Monument to Canadian Fallen. Veterans Affairs Canada. [2015-12-15]. (原始內容存檔於2015-12-22). 
    39. ^ Korean War 1950–53. Australian War Memorial. [2008-09-09]. (原始內容存檔於2012-01-07) (英語). 
    40. ^ Australian War Memorial Korea MIA 互聯網檔案館存檔,存檔日期2012-03-28. Retrieved 17 March 2012
    41. ^ 41.0 41.1 Sandler, Stanley (編). Ground Warfare: H–Q. Volume 2 of Ground Warfare: An International Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. 2002: 160 [2013-03-19]. ISBN 978-1576073445. (原始內容存檔於2021-10-04). Philippines: KIA 92; WIA 299; MIA/POW 97
      New Zealand: KIA 34; WIA 299; MIA/POW 1
       
    42. ^ Post-War Warriors: Japanese Combatants in the Korean War−− | The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus. apjjf.org. [2020-05-16]. (原始內容存檔於2020-05-18). 
    43. ^ Two War Reporters Killed. The Times (London). 1950-08-14. ISSN 0140-0460. 
    44. ^ 44.0 44.1 Michael Hickey. The Korean War: An Overview. BBC. 2001-08-01 [2008-09-08]. (原始內容存檔於2012-06-25) (英語). 
    45. ^ Rummel, Rudolph J. Chapter 10, Statistics of North Korean Democide Estimates, Calculations, And Sources. Statistics of Democide: Genocide and Murder Since 1900. 1997. ISBN 978-3825840105. (原始內容存檔於2014-11-22). 
    46. ^ Korean War | Combatants, Summary, Years, Map, Casualties, & Facts. Encyclopedia Britannica. [2021-07-06]. (原始內容存檔於2021-02-17). 
    47. ^ 47.0 47.1 徐揚. 抗美援朝烈士新确认为197653人 副军长儿子到场. 人民網. 2014-10-30 [2021-07-16]. (原始內容存檔於2021-08-23). 
    48. ^ "180,000 Chinese soldiers killed in Korean War" 互聯網檔案館存檔,存檔日期2013-06-03.. China Daily, 2010-06-28. State Council Information Office, Chinese government, Beijing. "According to statistics compiled by the army's medical departments and hospitals, 114,084 servicemen were killed in military action or accidents, and 25,621 soldiers had gone missing. The other about 70,000 casualties died from wounds, illness and other causes, he said. To date, civil affairs departments have registered 183,108 war martyrs, Xu said."
    49. ^ 徐焰. 解放军少将称中国人民志愿军在朝鲜战争中牺牲18万名志愿军. 《文史參考》. 2010-06-27 [2015-12-12]. (原始內容存檔於2015-12-22) (中文). 
    50. ^ 抗美援朝战争中卫生勤务保障的战绩与反思. 抗美援朝紀念館. 
    51. ^ POWs in Korean War. 美國國防部韓戰50周年紀念網站. [2009年3月5日]. (原始內容存檔於2007年8月1日) (英語). 
    52. ^ Krivošeev, Grigorij F. Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century. London: Greenhill. 1997. ISBN 1-85367-280-7. 
    53. ^ Cumings, Bruce. The Korean War: A History. Modern Library. 2011: 35. ISBN 9780812978964. Various encyclopedias state that the countries involved in the three-year conflict suffered a total of more than 4 million casualties, of which at least 2 million were civilians—a higher percentage than in World War II or Vietnam. A total of 36,940 Americans lost their lives in the Korean theater; of these, 33,665 were killed in action, while 3,275 died there of non-hostile causes. Some 92,134 Americans were wounded in action, and decades later, 8,176 were still reported as missing. South Korea sustained 1,312,836 casualties, including 415,004 dead. Casualties among other UN allies totaled 16,532, including 3,094 dead. Estimated North Korean casualties numbered 2 million, including about one million civilians and 520,000 soldiers. An estimated 900,000 Chinese soldiers lost their lives in combat. 
    54. ^ Lewy, Guenter. America in Vietnam. Oxford University Press. 1980: 450–453. ISBN 9780199874231. For the Korean War the only hard statistic is that of American military deaths, which included 33,629 battle deaths and 20,617 who died of other causes. The North Korean and Chinese Communists never published statistics of their casualties. The number of South Korean military deaths has been given as in excess of 400,000; the South Korean Ministry of Defense puts the number of killed and missing at 281,257. Estimates of communist troops killed are about one-half million. The total number of Korean civilians who died in the fighting, which left almost every major city in North and South Korea in ruins, has been estimated at between 2 and 3 million. This adds up to almost 1 million military deaths and a possible 2.5 million civilians who were killed or died as a result of this extremely destructive conflict. The proportion of civilians killed in the major wars of this century (and not only in the major ones) has thus risen steadily. It reached about 42 percent in World War II and may have gone as high as 70 percent in the Korean War. ... we find that the ratio of civilian to military deaths [in Vietnam] is not substantially different from that of World War II and is well below that of the Korean War. 
    55. ^ Millett (PHD), Allan. Korean War. britannica.com. [2016-04-21]. (原始內容存檔於2016-04-24). 
    56. ^ Cumings 2005,第247–53頁.
    57. ^ Stueck 2002,第71頁.
    58. ^ Bruce Cumings. Korea's Place in the Sun: A Modern History (Updated Edition). W. W. Norton. 2005-09-17: 211 [2021-05-26]. ISBN 978-0-393-34753-1. (原始內容存檔於2021-06-22). 
    59. ^ Adrian Buzo. The Making of Modern Korea. Psychology Press. 2002: 60–61 [2021-05-26]. ISBN 978-0-415-23749-9. (原始內容存檔於2021-06-22). 
    60. ^ 楊益; 鄭嘉偉. 一本書讀懂韓國史. 台北市: 海鴿文化. 2018-01-03: 305. ISBN 9789863920953. 
    61. ^ 金東吉. 揭秘解放军白送金日成三个战力强悍的朝鲜师. 光明網. 2013年5月6日 –透過搜狐. 
    62. ^ How many countries are there in the world?. Travel Independent Info. [2018-07-03]. (原始內容存檔於2016-10-22). 
    63. ^ 各國建國時間列表
    64. ^ Growth in United Nations membership, 1945-present. 聯合國. [2018-07-03]. (原始內容存檔於2016-04-04). 
    65. ^ Derek William Bowett. United Nations Forces. A Legal Study of United Nations Practice. London: Stevens. 1964: 29–60. OCLC 638443273. 
    66. ^ 联合国 八十三(一九五〇).一九五〇年六月二十七日决议案. Un.org. [2017-05-24]. (原始內容存檔於2017-07-26). 
    67. ^ 沈志華. 苏联未否决联合国出兵朝鲜议案真相. [2018-08-19]. (原始內容存檔於2018-08-13). 
    68. ^ 沈志華. 苏联为何没否决联合国出兵朝鲜的议案?. [2018-08-19]. (原始內容存檔於2018-08-30). 
    69. ^ 69.0 69.1 69.2 69.3 69.4 辭海編輯委員會 (編). 《辭海》(1989年版). 上海辭書出版社. 1989. ISBN 7532600831. 
    70. ^ United Nations Security Council Resolution 84. 1950-07-07 [2018-04-25]. (原始內容存檔於2018-11-30). 
    71. ^ Paul M. Edwards. Historical Dictionary of the Korean War. Scarecrow Press. 2010-06-10: 300–301 [2018-04-25]. ISBN 978-0-8108-7461-9. (原始內容存檔於2019-02-19). 
    72. ^ 聯合國軍對聯合國的報告在此


    參照錯誤:頁面中存在<ref group="註">標籤,但沒有找到相應的<references group="註" />標籤