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维基百科,自由的百科全书
朝鲜战争
6·25전쟁(六二五戰爭)
한국전쟁(韓國戰爭)
조국해방전쟁(祖國解放戰爭)
조선전쟁(朝鮮戰爭)

Korean War
冷战朝鲜半岛冲突的一部分

顺时针方向从上到下:长津湖战役中撤退的美国海军陆战队;联合国军在仁川登陆;在美国M46巴顿坦克前面的南韩难民;美国海军陆战队在巴多梅罗·洛佩兹英语Baldomero Lopez中尉率领下登陆仁川;F-86军刀战斗机
日期1950年6月25日-1953年7月27日[注 23]
(3年1个月又2天)
地点
状态

军事僵持

  • 朝鲜进攻并占领韩国大部后被联合国军击退
  • 联合国军进攻并占领朝鲜大部后被中国人民志愿军击退
  • 志愿军、人民军收复北朝鲜领土,在占领汉城一带后遭到联合国军的反攻被击退。
  • 战线在三八线附近往复,双方一边继续战争,一边举行和平谈判。
  • 朝鲜停战协定签署,朝鲜战争以停战名义结束,但朝韩之间仍保持冲突状态
领土变更
  • 朝韩非军事区建立
  • 朝鲜获取开城,但净损失1,500平方英里(3,900平方千米)领土[10]
  • 参战方
    其他援助
    指挥官与领导者

    兵力
    峰值强度:

    合计: 972,334

    总计:
    1,780,000[19]
    峰值强度:

    合计: 1,642,000 / 1,742,000

    总计:
    2,970,000[26]
    72,000[25]
    伤亡与损失

    死亡和失踪总数:170,927人死亡,32,585人失踪(韩国162,394人,美国36,574人,其他4,544人)
    受伤总数: 566,434人
    [注 24]

    详情

    死亡和失踪总数:539,573-730,573(朝鲜316,000-507,000人,中国223,274人,苏联299人)
    受伤总数: 686,500人

    详情
    •  朝鲜[44]
      阵亡215,000-406,000人[45][46]
      负伤303,000人
      失踪或被俘101,000人
    •  中国
      (中国统计数据):
      阵亡197,653人[47]
      负伤383,218人
      45万住院
      失踪25,621人[48]
      被俘21,374人
      [注 27]
      (美方统计数据):[44]
      阵亡400,000+人
      负伤486,000人
      被俘21,839人[51]
    •  苏联
      阵亡299人
      335架飞机失踪[52]
    • 被杀害的平民总数:200-300万(估计)[53][54]
    • 韩国人:
      总伤亡人数990,968人[17]
    • 朝鲜人:
      总伤亡人数1,550,000人(估计)[17]

    朝鲜战争,是朝鲜半岛上的朝鲜民主主义人民共和国政权与大韩民国政权之间的战争,其中朝鲜由中华人民共和国苏联的军队支持,韩国由联合国(主要是美国)的军队支持。战争于1950年6月25日在边境地区的冲突和南部的叛乱之后,朝鲜入侵韩国开始[55][56][57],于1953年7月27日在签署停战协定后停战。

    朝鲜半岛自1910年起被大日本帝国统治,直至1945年第二次世界大战结束;1945年8月,苏联对日宣战,随后根据与美国协议以北纬38度线为界分别接受日本投降,占领朝鲜半岛。1948年,在联合国韩国问题临时委员会的监督下选举出韩国政府,苏占区随后也成立政府[注 28]。此时占领区成为两个主权国家,北部在金日成共产主义极权主义领导下成立社会主义国家朝鲜民主主义人民共和国,南部则在在李承晚的专制主义领导下成立资本主义国家大韩民国。南北双方均自认为是朝鲜半岛的唯一合法政府,同时对整个朝鲜半岛声称主权,拒绝承认以北纬38度线划分的苏美对日受降分界线为边界。1949年,苏、美占领军先后撤军。在冷战初期的紧张国际形势背景下,南北双方都企图武力统一朝鲜半岛,沿三八线两边各自囤驻军队。1950年6月25日凌晨4点,朝鲜人民军以反击侵略为由越过三八线入侵韩国,一般以此为朝鲜战争之起点。[60]

    它是冷战的第一场大规模“热战”。1949年应金日成要求,赴朝准备帮助朝鲜进攻韩国的中国朝鲜族三个师是朝鲜人民军的主力[61]。战争爆发后,美国将朝鲜问题提交联合国[注 29]苏联则拒绝在安理会参加朝鲜问题决议案的讨论。当年6月下旬,联合国安全理事会在常任理事国苏联缺席的情况下相继通过第82号第83号决议,声明此举为“北朝鲜部队”对大韩民国的武装侵略,并敦促其立即停火,要求朝鲜军队撤回38度线[65][66][67][68]。6月27日美国正式参战[69]:5210。7月7日,联合国安理会通过第84号决议,由联合国成员国的16个国家的军队和5个国家的医疗力量组成的“联合国军”参与朝鲜战争,对大韩民国提供军事和医疗协助。其中美国提供88%的战斗人员,占据主导地位。联合国军由美国统一指挥,行动向安理会报告,而非听命于联合国秘书长[70][71][72]。随后苏联空军秘密参战。

    朝鲜人民军以装备精良的苏式武器与过倍的优势人数,三日内攻陷南韩首都汉城大韩民国国军美国军队遭受巨大损失,不断后撤。至8月,朝鲜军队已迫近釜山环形防御圈。朝鲜人民军至9月初把美军及韩国国军驱至釜山一隅[69]:5210。9月15日,美军以两栖作战的方式在仁川登陆,迅速扭转战局,朝鲜人民军溃退回北方。10月7日,联大通过第376号决议,重申统一朝鲜半岛的目标尚未达成[注 30],当日联合国军入侵北朝鲜,并将战线推至朝鲜与中国的边界——鸭绿江附近。1950年10月19日,中国人民志愿军越过鸭绿江,参与战争。

    在随后的战役中,中朝联军将联合国军击退到朝鲜半岛南部,并攻占汉城。1951年初,联合国军发动反攻后,战线在三八线附近稳定下来。此后围绕三八线进行了持续近两年的消耗战。然而,空中的战争从未陷入僵局,北朝鲜遭到了美军的大规模轰炸。喷气式战斗机有史以来第一次在空对空的战斗中相互对峙,而苏联空军也秘密参战。

    1951年1月13日,联合国提出停战建议,但战争双方均未对此回应。联合国军在此后的第四次战役第五次战役中反击志愿军,使战线再次回到三八线并陷入胶着。朝、中部队连续五次战役,把敌军从鸭绿江边逐回三八线附近,迫使美国于1951年7月接受停战谈判[69]:5210。战线被联军推到三八线附近,展开拉锯。

    1953年5月朝中军队发动夏季第五次战役失败 ,双方实际控制线多在三八线以北。美国新任总统艾森豪威尔警告中国,如果继续拖延和谈,联军将与中国开战并不保证不使用核武器。苏联斯大林去世,新政府也要求中国签署和谈协议。6月7日,大韩民国总统李承晚拒绝美国领导的停战,并撤出开城韩国停战谈判代表团[注 31]。不过谈判仍继续进行。

    在谈判期间,美国先后发动多次攻势,均被朝中击退[69]:5210。1953年5月朝中军队发动夏季攻势后,双方于7月27日在板门店签订《朝鲜停战协定[69]:5210。联合国军方面要求基本以实际控制线来定,没有答应朝中方面要求的以原来的三八线为停战分界线。协定建立朝韩非军事区作为缓冲区,并就战俘遣返问题作出安排。

    朝鲜半岛南北双方仍有外交冲突和军事对峙,持续至今[注 32]

    朝鲜战争也深深影响了中国,形成两岸的格局,停战逾25年后,美国与中华人民共和国建交,之后,随著冷战缓和,各方重新考虑在朝鲜半岛的政策,联合国和大多数国家逐渐改变为同时承认以停战分界线划疆而治的朝鲜、韩国两个政权,而不介入双方的领土争端,故联合国于1991年透过同时接纳南北双方加入为会员国的方式。 朝鲜战争是当代最具破坏性的战争之一,战争死亡人数约为300万,平民死亡比例高于第二次世界大战越南战争。几乎摧毁了朝鲜半岛的所有主要城市,双方都进行了数以千计的屠杀,包括朝鲜政权在汉城屠杀、韩国政府杀害上万颠覆国家的共产主义者,以及朝鲜对战俘的酷刑和饥饿致死。

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    48. ^ "180,000 Chinese soldiers killed in Korean War" 互联网档案馆存档,存档日期2013-06-03.. China Daily, 2010-06-28. State Council Information Office, Chinese government, Beijing. "According to statistics compiled by the army's medical departments and hospitals, 114,084 servicemen were killed in military action or accidents, and 25,621 soldiers had gone missing. The other about 70,000 casualties died from wounds, illness and other causes, he said. To date, civil affairs departments have registered 183,108 war martyrs, Xu said."
    49. ^ 徐焰. 解放军少将称中国人民志愿军在朝鲜战争中牺牲18万名志愿军. 《文史参考》. 2010-06-27 [2015-12-12]. (原始内容存档于2015-12-22) (中文). 
    50. ^ 抗美援朝战争中卫生勤务保障的战绩与反思. 抗美援朝纪念馆. 
    51. ^ POWs in Korean War. 美国国防部韩战50周年纪念网站. [2009年3月5日]. (原始内容存档于2007年8月1日) (英语). 
    52. ^ Krivošeev, Grigorij F. Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century. London: Greenhill. 1997. ISBN 1-85367-280-7. 
    53. ^ Cumings, Bruce. The Korean War: A History. Modern Library. 2011: 35. ISBN 9780812978964. Various encyclopedias state that the countries involved in the three-year conflict suffered a total of more than 4 million casualties, of which at least 2 million were civilians—a higher percentage than in World War II or Vietnam. A total of 36,940 Americans lost their lives in the Korean theater; of these, 33,665 were killed in action, while 3,275 died there of non-hostile causes. Some 92,134 Americans were wounded in action, and decades later, 8,176 were still reported as missing. South Korea sustained 1,312,836 casualties, including 415,004 dead. Casualties among other UN allies totaled 16,532, including 3,094 dead. Estimated North Korean casualties numbered 2 million, including about one million civilians and 520,000 soldiers. An estimated 900,000 Chinese soldiers lost their lives in combat. 
    54. ^ Lewy, Guenter. America in Vietnam. Oxford University Press. 1980: 450–453. ISBN 9780199874231. For the Korean War the only hard statistic is that of American military deaths, which included 33,629 battle deaths and 20,617 who died of other causes. The North Korean and Chinese Communists never published statistics of their casualties. The number of South Korean military deaths has been given as in excess of 400,000; the South Korean Ministry of Defense puts the number of killed and missing at 281,257. Estimates of communist troops killed are about one-half million. The total number of Korean civilians who died in the fighting, which left almost every major city in North and South Korea in ruins, has been estimated at between 2 and 3 million. This adds up to almost 1 million military deaths and a possible 2.5 million civilians who were killed or died as a result of this extremely destructive conflict. The proportion of civilians killed in the major wars of this century (and not only in the major ones) has thus risen steadily. It reached about 42 percent in World War II and may have gone as high as 70 percent in the Korean War. ... we find that the ratio of civilian to military deaths [in Vietnam] is not substantially different from that of World War II and is well below that of the Korean War. 
    55. ^ Millett (PHD), Allan. Korean War. britannica.com. [2016-04-21]. (原始内容存档于2016-04-24). 
    56. ^ Cumings 2005,第247–53页.
    57. ^ Stueck 2002,第71页.
    58. ^ Bruce Cumings. Korea's Place in the Sun: A Modern History (Updated Edition). W. W. Norton. 2005-09-17: 211 [2021-05-26]. ISBN 978-0-393-34753-1. (原始内容存档于2021-06-22). 
    59. ^ Adrian Buzo. The Making of Modern Korea. Psychology Press. 2002: 60–61 [2021-05-26]. ISBN 978-0-415-23749-9. (原始内容存档于2021-06-22). 
    60. ^ 杨益; 郑嘉伟. 一本書讀懂韓國史. 台北市: 海鸽文化. 2018-01-03: 305. ISBN 9789863920953. 
    61. ^ 金东吉. 揭秘解放军白送金日成三个战力强悍的朝鲜师. 光明网. 2013年5月6日 –通过搜狐. 
    62. ^ How many countries are there in the world?. Travel Independent Info. [2018-07-03]. (原始内容存档于2016-10-22). 
    63. ^ 各国建国时间列表
    64. ^ Growth in United Nations membership, 1945-present. 联合国. [2018-07-03]. (原始内容存档于2016-04-04). 
    65. ^ Derek William Bowett. United Nations Forces. A Legal Study of United Nations Practice. London: Stevens. 1964: 29–60. OCLC 638443273. 
    66. ^ 联合国 八十三(一九五〇).一九五〇年六月二十七日决议案. Un.org. [2017-05-24]. (原始内容存档于2017-07-26). 
    67. ^ 沈志华. 苏联未否决联合国出兵朝鲜议案真相. [2018-08-19]. (原始内容存档于2018-08-13). 
    68. ^ 沈志华. 苏联为何没否决联合国出兵朝鲜的议案?. [2018-08-19]. (原始内容存档于2018-08-30). 
    69. ^ 69.0 69.1 69.2 69.3 69.4 辞海编辑委员会 (编). 《辭海》(1989年版). 上海辞书出版社. 1989. ISBN 7532600831. 
    70. ^ United Nations Security Council Resolution 84. 1950-07-07 [2018-04-25]. (原始内容存档于2018-11-30). 
    71. ^ Paul M. Edwards. Historical Dictionary of the Korean War. Scarecrow Press. 2010-06-10: 300–301 [2018-04-25]. ISBN 978-0-8108-7461-9. (原始内容存档于2019-02-19). 
    72. ^ 联合国军对联合国的报告在此


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