打蘭

打蘭（英語：dram或drachm；藥劑學符號：ʒ；縮寫：dr）^[1]^[2]^:C-6–C-7^[3] ，最初為希臘古代的一個重量及硬幣單位^{[註 1]}。^[4]它是常衡制的一個質量單位，也是藥衡制（英語：apothecaries' system）的一個質量單位和體積單位。 ^[2]作體積單位時，常被稱為「液量打蘭」或「英液打蘭」，英文中則被稱為「fluid dram」、「fluid drachm」、「fluidram」或「fluidrachm」，縮寫為「fl dr」、「ƒ 3」或「fʒ」。^[1]^[2]^:C-17^[3]^[5]^[6]^[7]

重量單位[編輯]

在古希臘計量單位（英語：Ancient Greek units of measurement）中，德拉克馬（drachm）為重量單位，相當於6奧波勒斯或¹⁄₁₀₀希臘米納，約合4.37克。^[8]
在古羅馬計量單位（英語：Ancient Roman units of measurement）中，重量單位德拉克馬，或稱德拉姆（dram），等於¹⁄₉₆羅馬磅，約合3.41克。^[9]^[10]
在鄂圖曼帝國，迪拉姆（Dirham），等於¹⁄₄₀₀奧克（英語：Oka (mass)），約合3.207克。

注釋[編輯]

^ 作希臘重量和貨幣單位時譯作「德拉克馬」

參考[編輯]

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 Simpson, John A.; Weiner, Edmund S.C. (編). drachm, n.. Oxford English Dictionary 2nd. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. 1989, online version 2012 [2 July 2012]. ISBN 978-0-19-861186-8. OCLC 50959346. （原始內容存檔於2015-09-24）. Spelt drachm or dram. 請檢查|date=中的日期值 (幫助) Earlier version first published in New English Dictionary, 1897.
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 National Institute of Standards and Technology (October 2011). Butcher, Tina; Cook, Steve; Crown, Linda et al. eds. "Appendix C – General Tables of Units of Measurement" （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） (PDF). Specifications, Tolerances, and Other Technical Requirements for Weighing and Measuring Devices （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. NIST Handbook. 44 (2012 ed.). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Commerce, Technology Administration, National Institute of Standards and Technology. ISSN 0271-4027 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. OCLC 58927093. Retrieved 1 July 2012.
^ ^3.0 ^3.1 Boyer, Mary Jo. UNIT 2 Measurement Systems: The Apothecary System. Math for Nurses: A Pocket Guide to Dosage Calculation and Drug Preparation 7th. Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2009: 108–9 [2 July 2012]. ISBN 978-0-7817-6335-6. OCLC 181600928. （原始內容存檔於2014-07-05）.
^ 引用錯誤：沒有為名為OEDdram的參考文獻提供內容
^ Royal College of Physicians of Dublin. Weights and Measures. The Pharmacopœia of the King and Queen's College of Physicians in Ireland. Dublin: Hodges and Smith. 1850: xlvi [6 July 2012]. OCLC 599509441.
^ fluidram. Merriam-Webster online. Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster. [2 July 2012]. OCLC 44475779. （原始內容存檔於2014-11-29）. Definition of FLUIDRAM: variant of fluid dram
^ Powell, Richard; Royal College of Physicians of London. Weights, Measures, &c. [measures of liquids sect.]. The Pharmacopœia of the Royal College of Physicians of London, M. DCCC. IX corr. and enl. 2nd. London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, and Orme. 1809: 3 [6 July 2012]. OCLC 622876101.
^ Donald J. Mastronarde. Introduction to Attic Greek. University of California Press. 19 March 1993: 222 [30 June 2012]. ISBN 978-0-520-07844-4. （原始內容存檔於2017-02-21）.
^ Smith, William. DICTIONARY OF GREEK AND ROMAN ANTIQUITIES. 3rd American. New York: Harper & Brothers. 1886: 1062 [1 July 2012].
^ Ramsay, William Wardlaw. An elementary manual of Roman antiquities 7th. London: Charles Griffin and Company. 1883: 206 [1 July 2012].

外部連結[編輯]

Appendix C – General Tables of Units of Measurement （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） in Specifications, Tolerances, and Other Technical Requirements for Weighing and Measuring Devices （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. NIST Handbook 44 (2012 ed.).
Image （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） of Ancient Greek silver drachm with flying Pegasus, Acarnania, Leucas, c. 470–450 BCE

[4] 作希臘重量和貨幣單位時譯作「德拉克馬」

[OEDdrachm-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Simpson, John A.; Weiner, Edmund S.C. (編). drachm, n.. Oxford English Dictionary 2nd. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. 1989, online version 2012 [2 July 2012]. ISBN 978-0-19-861186-8. OCLC 50959346. （原始內容存檔於2015-09-24）. Spelt drachm or dram. 請檢查|date=中的日期值 (幫助) Earlier version first published in New English Dictionary, 1897.

[NIST-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 National Institute of Standards and Technology (October 2011). Butcher, Tina; Cook, Steve; Crown, Linda et al. eds. "Appendix C – General Tables of Units of Measurement" （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） (PDF). Specifications, Tolerances, and Other Technical Requirements for Weighing and Measuring Devices （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. NIST Handbook. 44 (2012 ed.). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Commerce, Technology Administration, National Institute of Standards and Technology. ISSN 0271-4027 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. OCLC 58927093. Retrieved 1 July 2012.

[Boyer2009-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Boyer, Mary Jo. UNIT 2 Measurement Systems: The Apothecary System. Math for Nurses: A Pocket Guide to Dosage Calculation and Drug Preparation 7th. Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2009: 108–9 [2 July 2012]. ISBN 978-0-7817-6335-6. OCLC 181600928. （原始內容存檔於2014-07-05）.

[OEDdram-5] 引用錯誤：沒有為名為OEDdram的參考文獻提供內容

[RoyalCollege1850-6] Royal College of Physicians of Dublin. Weights and Measures. The Pharmacopœia of the King and Queen's College of Physicians in Ireland. Dublin: Hodges and Smith. 1850: xlvi [6 July 2012]. OCLC 599509441.

[7] uidram. Merriam-Webster online. Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster. [2 July 2012]. OCLC 44475779. （原始內容存檔於2014-11-29）. Definition of FLUIDRAM: variant of fluid dram

[PowellRoyalCollege1809-8] Powell, Richard; Royal College of Physicians of London. Weights, Measures, &c. [measures of liquids sect.]. The Pharmacopœia of the Royal College of Physicians of London, M. DCCC. IX corr. and enl. 2nd. London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, and Orme. 1809: 3 [6 July 2012]. OCLC 622876101.

[Mastronarde1993-9] Donald J. Mastronarde. Introduction to Attic Greek. University of California Press. 19 March 1993: 222 [30 June 2012]. ISBN 978-0-520-07844-4. （原始內容存檔於2017-02-21）.

[DICTIONARY_OF_GREEK_AND_ROMAN_ANTIQUITIES.-10] Smith, William. DICTIONARY OF GREEK AND ROMAN ANTIQUITIES. 3rd American. New York: Harper & Brothers. 1886: 1062 [1 July 2012].

[Ramsay1883-11] Ramsay, William Wardlaw. An elementary manual of Roman antiquities 7th. London: Charles Griffin and Company. 1883: 206 [1 July 2012].

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