鹤形总目

鹤形总目; 化石时期：古新世 - 全新世 60–0 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N 根据时钟显示，这类鸟的起源可能更早。
	笛鸻 (Charadrius melodus)
	西方秧鸡 (Rallus aquaticus)
科学分类
界：	动物界 Animalia
门：	脊索动物门 Chordata
纲：	鸟纲 Aves
演化支：	今颚类 Neognathae
演化支：	新鸟类 Neoaves
演化支：	雀类 Passerea
演化支：	鹤类 Gruae
总目：	鹤形总目 Gruimorphae; Bonaparte, 1854
目
	鸻形目 Charadriiformes; 鹤形目 Gruiformes;
异名
	鸻形总目 Charadriimorphae; 鹤鸻类 Gruicharadriae;

鹤形总目（学名：Gruimorphae）^[4]是一个鸟类演化支，透过分子分析，包括两个目：鸻形目（鸻、鹬、鸥等等）和鹤形目（鹤和秧鸡）。^[5]^[3] 传统上就有这个分类群，因为鸻形目下的一些科，例如：领鹑科（学名：Pedionomidae）和三趾鹑科（学名：Turnicidae）就曾被分类在鹤形目之下。^[6]^[7]^[8]又因为在北美的始新世早期地质中，发现 Nahmavis这个属，鹤形总目也有化石的依据。^[9]

形成本分类群是因为解剖学和行为学上的特征，在形态学的研究则进一步建议鹤形目可以是涉禽的并系群，而秧鸡科则和三趾鹑科亲缘关系十分相近。^[10]^[11]

依照 Kuhl, H. et al.(2020) 等人研究的分支图如下^[12]：

鹤形总目 Gruimorphae

	鹤形目 Gruiformes

	鸻形目 Charadriimorphae

参考文献[编辑]

^ Mourer-Chaviré C. (1995) The Messelornithidae (Aves: Gruiformes) from the Paleogene of France. - Cour. Forsch.-Inst. Senckenberg, 181: 95-105
^ Mayr, Gerald (2016). Avian evolution: the fossil record of birds and its paleobiological significance. Topics in Paleobiology. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 306. ISBN 978-1-119-02076-9.
^ ^3.0 ^3.1 Kuhl, H.; Frankl-Vilches, C.; Bakker, A.; Mayr, G.; Nikolaus, G.; Boerno, S. T.; Klages, S.; Timmermann, B.; Gahr, M. An unbiased molecular approach using 3'UTRs resolves the avian family-level tree of life.. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 2020, 38: 108–127. PMC 7783168 . PMID 32781465. doi:10.1093/molbev/msaa191 .
^ TiF Checklist: GRUAE I: Opisthocomiformes & Gruiformes. www.jboyd.net. [10 April 2018]. （原始内容存档于2022-06-10）.
^ Jarvis, E.D.; et al. Whole-genome analyses resolve early branches in the tree of life of modern birds. Science. 2014, 346 (6215): 1320–1331. Bibcode:2014Sci...346.1320J. PMC 4405904 . PMID 25504713. doi:10.1126/science.1253451.
^ Huxley T.H. On the classification of birds; and on the taxonomic value of the modifications of certain of the cranial bones observable in that class. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 1867;1867:415–472.
^ Lowe P.R. An anatomical review of the ‘waders’ (Telmatomorphæ), with special reference to the families, subfamilies, and genera within the suborders Limicolæ, Grui-Limicolæ and Lari-Limicolæ. Ibis. 1931b; 73: 712–771
^ Lowe P.R. On the relations of the Gruimorphæ to the Charadriimorphæ and Rallimorphæ, with special reference to the taxonomic position of Rostratulidæ, Jacanidæ, and Burhinidæ. Ibis. 1931a; 73: 491–534
^ Musser, G. & Clarke, J.A. An Exceptionally Preserved Specimen From the Green River Formation Elucidates Complex Phenotypic Evolution in Gruiformes and Charadriiformes. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 2020, 8. doi:10.3389/fevo.2020.559929 .
^ Livezey, B. C.; Zusi, R. L. Higher-order phylogeny of modern birds (Theropoda, Aves: Neornithes) based on comparative anatomy. II. Analysis and discussion. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 2007, 149 (1): 1–95. PMC 2517308 . PMID 18784798. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00293.x.
^ Neognathia. www.helsinki.fi. [10 April 2018]. （原始内容存档于2019-02-24）.
^ H Kuhl, C Frankl-Vilches, A Bakker, G Mayr, G Nikolaus, S T Boerno, S Klages, B Timmermann, M Gahr (2020) An unbiased molecular approach using 3'UTRs resolves the avian family-level tree of life （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Molecular Biology and Evolution. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msaa191 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

[Mourer-Chaviré1995-1] Mourer-Chaviré C. (1995) The Messelornithidae (Aves: Gruiformes) from the Paleogene of France. - Cour. Forsch.-Inst. Senckenberg, 181: 95-105

[2] Mayr, Gerald (2016). Avian evolution: the fossil record of birds and its paleobiological significance. Topics in Paleobiology. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 306. ISBN 978-1-119-02076-9.

[Kuhletal2020-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Kuhl, H.; Frankl-Vilches, C.; Bakker, A.; Mayr, G.; Nikolaus, G.; Boerno, S. T.; Klages, S.; Timmermann, B.; Gahr, M. An unbiased molecular approach using 3'UTRs resolves the avian family-level tree of life.. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 2020, 38: 108–127. PMC 7783168 . PMID 32781465. doi:10.1093/molbev/msaa191 .

[4] TiF Checklist: GRUAE I: Opisthocomiformes & Gruiformes. www.jboyd.net. [10 April 2018]. （原始内容存档于2022-06-10）.

[Jarvis2014-5] Jarvis, E.D.; et al. Whole-genome analyses resolve early branches in the tree of life of modern birds. Science. 2014, 346 (6215): 1320–1331. Bibcode:2014Sci...346.1320J. PMC 4405904 . PMID 25504713. doi:10.1126/science.1253451.

[6] Huxley T.H. On the classification of birds; and on the taxonomic value of the modifications of certain of the cranial bones observable in that class. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 1867;1867:415–472.

[7] Lowe P.R. An anatomical review of the ‘waders’ (Telmatomorphæ), with special reference to the families, subfamilies, and genera within the suborders Limicolæ, Grui-Limicolæ and Lari-Limicolæ. Ibis. 1931b; 73: 712–771

[8] Lowe P.R. On the relations of the Gruimorphæ to the Charadriimorphæ and Rallimorphæ, with special reference to the taxonomic position of Rostratulidæ, Jacanidæ, and Burhinidæ. Ibis. 1931a; 73: 491–534

[MussClar20-9] Musser, G. & Clarke, J.A. An Exceptionally Preserved Specimen From the Green River Formation Elucidates Complex Phenotypic Evolution in Gruiformes and Charadriiformes. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 2020, 8. doi:10.3389/fevo.2020.559929 .

[Livezey&Zusi2007-10] Livezey, B. C.; Zusi, R. L. Higher-order phylogeny of modern birds (Theropoda, Aves: Neornithes) based on comparative anatomy. II. Analysis and discussion. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 2007, 149 (1): 1–95. PMC 2517308 . PMID 18784798. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00293.x.

[11] Neognathia. www.helsinki.fi. [10 April 2018]. （原始内容存档于2019-02-24）.

[kuhl2020-12] H Kuhl, C Frankl-Vilches, A Bakker, G Mayr, G Nikolaus, S T Boerno, S Klages, B Timmermann, M Gahr (2020) An unbiased molecular approach using 3'UTRs resolves the avian family-level tree of life （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Molecular Biology and Evolution. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msaa191 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

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