线虫的分类
线虫动物门 化石时期:
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秀丽隐杆线虫(Caenorhabditis elegans)是线虫的一种 | |
科学分类 | |
界: | 动物界 Animalia |
亚界: | 真后生动物亚界 Eumetazoa |
演化支: | 副同源异形基因动物 ParaHoxozoa |
演化支: | 两侧对称动物 Bilateria |
演化支: | 肾管动物 Nephrozoa |
演化支: | 原口动物 Protostomia |
总门: | 蜕皮动物总门 Ecdysozoa |
演化支: | 环神经动物 Cycloneuralia |
演化支: | 线虫动物 Nematoida |
门: | 线虫动物门 Nematoda Diesing, 1861 |
纲 | |
异名 | |
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线虫的分类系统由于线虫动物门的种类繁多,下领约2.5万个有纪录的物种(估计总共有差不多100万个物种[2]),其分类至今尚有不同意见。以下列举数位学者的分类表:
本分类最初由Karl Rudolphi于1808年定义为“Nematoidea”[3],取名于古希腊文的νῆμα(nêma, nêmatos,线的意思)及后缀-eiδἠς(-eidēs,物种)。本分类后来被Burmeister于1837年被重新分类,取名为“Nematodes科”[3];到1861年再由K. M. Diesing升格成为“Nematoda目”[3]。
线虫的物种很不容易区分,有相关描述的已超过二万五千种[4][5],其中超过一半是寄生性的(包括许多植物及人类在内动物的病原体)[6]。线虫的物种数估计超过一百万种[2],只有节肢动物比线虫更多样化。线虫的消化系统是有二个开口的管状消化系统,和刺胞动物门及扁形动物门不同。
线虫几乎已经适应了地球所有的生态系,从海洋(海水)到淡水、土壤、极地到赤道、也包括不同海拔高度的地区。牠们在淡水、海水、陆地上随处可见,并在极端的环境如南极和海沟都可发现,其个体数量及物种个数会常常超过其他的动物,甚至在高山、沙漠、南极和海沟中都可以生存。在岩石圈每个部分都有线虫的存在[7],甚至是在南非地下900米到3600米深的金矿坑表面也不例外[8][9][10][11][7]。海床上有90%的动物是线虫[12]。线虫的数量众多,常常每立方米就有上百万个线虫,占地球所有动物的80%,线虫生命周期的多様性,在各种营养条件下都有存在,也使得他们在许多生态系统中有重要的影响[13]。有些线虫会有隐生的特性。
线虫原先在1919年被Nathan Cobb命名为Nemata。后来,牠们被降级为囊蠕虫中的一纲,最后才被重新分类至线虫动物门[14]。
根据WoRMS,截至2018年1月14日[update],线虫动物主要分为色矛纲与刺嘴纲两大分类,还有少量未能归属的分类单元;而Adenophorea及Secernentea这两个纲不再使用[15]。这两大分类的组成部分详列如下。
色矛纲
[编辑]色矛纲(Chromadorea)之下只有色矛亚纲(Chromadoria)一个分类单元,包括下列各目:
- 薄咽目 Araeolaimida[16]
- 微斑线虫总科 Axonolaimoidea Filipjev, 1918[17]
- 薄咽科 Araeolaimidae De Coninck, 1965
- 微斑线虫科 Axonolaimidae Filipjev, 1918
- Bodonematidae Jensen, 1991
- 联体线虫科 Comesomatidae Filipjev, 1918
- Coninckiidae Lorenzen, 1981
- 双盾线虫科 Diplopeltidae Filipjev, 1918
- 微斑线虫总科 Axonolaimoidea Filipjev, 1918[17]
- 色矛目 Chromadorida
- 色矛亚目 Chromadorina
- 色矛总科 Chromadoroidea Filipjev, 1917
- Achromadoridae Gerlach & Riemann, 1973
- 色矛科 Chromadoridae Filipjev, 1917
- Cyatholaimidae Filipjev, 1918
- Ethmolaimidae Filipjev & Schuurmans Stekhoven, 1941
- Neotonchidae Wieser & Hopper, 1966
- Selachinematidae Cobb, 1915
- 色矛总科 Chromadoroidea Filipjev, 1917
- 色矛亚目 Chromadorina
- 链环线虫目 Desmodorida
- 链环线虫亚目 Desmodorina
- 连环线虫总科 Desmodoroidea Filipjev, 1922
- 链环线虫科 Desmodoridae Filipjev, 1922
- Draconematidae Filipjev, 1918
- Epsilonematidae Steiner, 1927
- 微咽线虫总科 Microlaimoidea Micoletzky, 1922
- Aponchiidae Gerlach, 1963
- 微咽线虫科 Microlaimidae Micoletzky, 1922
- 单茎线虫科 Monoposthiidae Filipjev, 1934
- 连环线虫总科 Desmodoroidea Filipjev, 1922
- 链环线虫亚目 Desmodorina
- 带线虫目 Desmocolecida
- 带线虫亚目 Desmocolecina
- 带线虫总科 Desmoscolecoidea Shipley, 1896
- Cyartonematidae Tchesunov, 1990
- 带线虫科 Desmoscolecidae Shipley, 1896
- †Eophasmidae Poinar, 2011
- Meyliidae de Coninck, 1965
- 带线虫总科 Desmoscolecoidea Shipley, 1896
- 带线虫亚目 Desmocolecina
- 单宫目 Monhysterida
- 条线虫亚目 Linhomoeina
- Superfamily Siphonolaimoidea Filipjev, 1918
- Fusivermidae Tchesunov, 1996
- 条线虫科 Linhomoeidae Filipjev, 1922
- Siphonolaimidae Filipjev, 1918
- Superfamily Siphonolaimoidea Filipjev, 1918
- 单宫线虫亚目 Monhysterina
- 单宫线虫总科 Monhysteroidea Filipjev, 1929
- 单宫线虫科 Monhysteridae de Man, 1876
- Superfamily Sphaerolaimoidea Filipjev, 1918
- Sphaerolaimidae Filipjev, 1918
- 希阿利线虫科 Xyalidae Chitwood, 1951
- 单宫线虫总科 Monhysteroidea Filipjev, 1929
- 条线虫亚目 Linhomoeina
- Order Plectida
- Suborder Ceramonematina
- Superfamily Ceramonematoidea Cobb, 1933
- Ceramonematidae Cobb, 1933
- Diplopeltoididae Tchesunov, 1990
- Paramicrolaimidae Lorenzen, 1981
- Tarvaiidae Lorenzen, 1981
- Tubolaimoididae Lorenzen, 1981
- Superfamily Ceramonematoidea Cobb, 1933
- Incertae sedis
- Superfamily Haliplectoidea Chitwood, 1951
- Haliplectidae Chitwood, 1951
- Aegialoalaimidae Lorenzen, 1981
- Aulolaimidae Jairajpuri & Hopper, 1968
- Superfamily Haliplectoidea Chitwood, 1951
- Suborder Plectina
- Superfamily Camacolaimoidea Micoletzky, 1924
- Camacolaimidae Micoletzky, 1924
- Rhadinematidae Lorenzen, 1981
- Superfamily Leptolaimoidea Örley, 1880
- Aphanolaimidae Chitwood, 1936
- Leptolaimidae Örley, 1880
- Superfamily Ohridioidea (Andrassy, 1976)
- Creagrocercidae Baylis, 1943
- Ohridiidae Andrássy, 1976
- Superfamily Plectoidea Örley, 1880
- Chronogastridae Gagarin, 1975
- Metateratocephalidae Eroshenko, 1973
- Plectidae Örley, 1880
- Superfamily Camacolaimoidea Micoletzky, 1924
- Suborder Ceramonematina
- 小杆目 Rhabditida
- Incertae sedis
- Brevibuccidae Paramonov, 1956
- Chambersiellidae Thorne, 1937
- Teratocephalidae Andrassy, 1958
- Suborder Myolaimina
- Superfamily Myolaimoidea Andrassy, 1958
- Myolaimidae Andrassy, 1958
- Superfamily Myolaimoidea Andrassy, 1958
- 小杆线虫亚目 Rhabditina
- Infraorder Bunonematomorpha
- Superfamily Bunonematoidea Micoletzky, 1922
- Bunonematidae Micoletzky, 1922
- Pterygorhabditidae Goodey, 1963
- Superfamily Bunonematoidea Micoletzky, 1922
- Infraorder Diplogasteromorpha
- Superfamily Cylindrocorporoidea Goodey, 1939
- Cylindrocorporidae Goodey, 1939
- Superfamily Diplogasteroidea Micoletzky, 1922
- Cephalobiidae Filipjev, 1934
- Diplogasteridae Micoletzky, 1922
- Diplogasteroididae Filipjev & Schuurmans Stekhoven, 1941
- Mehdinematidae Farooqui, 1967
- Neodiplogasteridae Paramonov, 1952
- Pseudodiplogasteroididae Körner, 1954
- Superfamily Odontopharyngoidea Micoletzky, 1922
- Odontopharyngidae Micoletzky, 1922
- Superfamily Cylindrocorporoidea Goodey, 1939
- Infraorder Rhabditomorpha
- Incertae sedis
- Agfidae Dougherty, 1955
- Carabonematidae Stammer & Wachek, 1952
- Superfamily Mesorhabditoidea Andrassy, 1976
- Mesorhabditidae Andrassy, 1976
- Peloderidae Andrassy, 1976
- Superfamily Rhabditoidea Örley, 1880
- Diploscapteridae Micoletzky, 1922
- 小杆线虫科 Rhabditidae Örley, 1880
- Superfamily Strongyloidea Baird, 1853
- 钩口线虫科 Ancylostomatidae Looss, 1905
- Diaphanocephalidae Travassos, 1920
- Heligmosomidae Cram, 1927
- Heterorhabditidae Poinar, 1976
- Metastrongylidae Diesing, 1851
- Moleinidae Durette-Desset & Chabaud, 1977
- Strongylidae Baird, 1853
- Trichostrongylidae Leiper, 1912
- Incertae sedis
- Infraorder Bunonematomorpha
- 旋尾亚目 Spirurina
- 蛔形下目 Ascaridomorpha
- 蛔虫总科 Ascaridoidea Baird, 1853
- Acanthocheilidae Wülker, 1929
- 海兽胃线虫科 Anisakidae Railliet & Henry, 1912
- 蛔虫科 Ascarididae Baird, 1853
- Heterocheilidae Railliet & Henry, 1915
- Raphidascarididae Hartwich, 1954
- Superfamily Cosmocercoidea Travassos, 1925
- Atractidae Travassos, 1919
- Cosmocercidae Travassos, 1925
- Kathlaniidae Travassos, 1918
- Superfamily Heterakoidea Railliet & Henry, 1912
- Ascaridiidae Travassos, 1919
- Aspidoderidae Skrjabin & Shikhobalova, 1947
- Heterakidae Railliet & Henry, 1912
- Superfamily Seuratoidea Railliet, 1906
- Chitwoodchabaudiidae Puylaert, 1970
- Cucullanidae Cobbold, 1864
- Quimperiidae Gendre, 1928
- Schneidernematidae Freitas, 1956
- Seuratidae Railliet, 1906
- Superfamily Subuluroidea Yorke & Maplestone, 1926
- Maupasinidae Inglis, 1959
- Subuluridae Yorke & Maplestone, 1926
- 蛔虫总科 Ascaridoidea Baird, 1853
- 颚口线虫下目 Gnathostomatomorpha
- 颚口线虫总科 Gnathostomatoidea Railliet, 1895
- 颚口线虫科 Gnathostomatidae Railliet, 1895
- 颚口线虫总科 Gnathostomatoidea Railliet, 1895
- Incertae sedis
- 龙线虫总科 Dracunculoidea Stiles, 1907
- Anguillicolidae Yamaguti, 1935
- Daniconematidae Moravec & Køie, 1987
- 龙线虫科 Dracunculidae Stiles, 1907
- Guyanemidae Petter, 1975
- Micropleuridae Baylis & Daubney, 1926
- 嗜子宫线虫科 Philometridae Baylis & Daubney, 1926
- Skrjabillanidae Shigin & Shigina, 1958
- 龙线虫总科 Dracunculoidea Stiles, 1907
- 尖尾线虫下目 Oxyuridomorpha
- 尖尾线虫总科 Oxyuroidea Cobbold, 1864
- Heteroxynematidae Skrjabin & Shikhobalova, 1948
- 尖尾线虫科 Oxyuridae Cobbold, 1864
- Pharyngodonidae Travassos, 1919
- Superfamily Thelastomatoidea Travassos, 1929
- Hystrignathidae Travassos, 1929
- Protrelloididae Chitwood, 1932
- Thelastomatidae Travassos, 1929
- Travassosinematidae Rao, 1958
- 尖尾线虫总科 Oxyuroidea Cobbold, 1864
- Infraorder Rhigonematomorpha
- Superfamily Ransomnematoidea Travassos, 1930
- Camoyidae Travassos & Kloss, 1960
- Hethidae Travassos & Kloss, 1960
- Ransomnematidae Travassos, 1930
- Superfamily Rhigonematoidea Artigas, 1930
- Ichthyocephalidae Travassos & Kloss, 1958
- Rhigonematidae Artigas, 1930
- Superfamily Ransomnematoidea Travassos, 1930
- 旋尾下目 Spiruromorpha
- 华首总科 Acuarioidea Railliet, Henry & Sisoff, 1912
- 华首科 Acuariidae Railliet, Henry & Sisoff, 1912
- Aproctoidea Skrjabin & Shikhobalova, 1945
- Aproctidae Skrjabin & Shikhobalova, 1945
- Desmidocercidae Cram, 1927
- Camallanoidea Travassos, 1920
- Camallanidae Railliet & Henry, 1915
- 双三齿线虫总科 Diplotriaenoidea Anderson, 1958
- 双三齿线虫科 Diplotriaenidae Anderson, 1958:在Levin (1968)属丝虫总科
- Oswaldofilariidae Chabaud & Choquet, 1953
- 丝虫总科 Filarioidea Chabaud & Anderson, 1959
- 丝虫科 Filariidae Chabaud & Anderson, 1959
- 蟠尾丝虫科 Onchocercidae Leiper, 1911
- 柔线虫总科 Habronematoidea Ivaschkin, 1961
- Cystidicolidae Skrjabin, 1946
- 柔线虫科 Habronematidae Ivaschkin, 1961
- Hedruridae Railliet, 1916
- Tetrameridae Travassos, 1914
- 泡翼总科 Physalopteroidea Railliet, 1893
- Rictularoidea Railliet, 1916
- Rictulariidae Railliet, 1916
- 旋尾总科 Spiruroidea Oerley, 1885
- Gongylonematidae Sobolev, 1949
- Hartertiidae Quentin, 1970
- Spirocercidae Chitwood & Wehr, 1932
- 旋尾科 Spiruridae Oerley, 1885
- 吸吮总科 Thelazioidea Skrjabin, 1915
- Pneumospiruridae Wu & Hu, 1938
- Rhabdochonidae Skrjabin, 1946
- 吸吮科 Thelaziidae Skrjabin, 1915
- 华首总科 Acuarioidea Railliet, Henry & Sisoff, 1912
- 蛔形下目 Ascaridomorpha
- Suborder Tylenchina
- Infraorder Cephalobomorpha
- Superfamily Cephaloboidea Filipjev, 1934
- Alirhabditidae Suryawanshi, 1971
- Bicirronematidae Andrassy, 1978
- Cephalobidae Filipjev, 1934
- Elaphonematidae Heyns, 1962
- Osstellidae Heyns, 1962
- Superfamily Cephaloboidea Filipjev, 1934
- Infraorder Drilonematomorpha
- Superfamily Drilonematoidea Pierantoni, 1916
- Drilonematidae Pierantoni, 1916
- Homungellidae Timm, 1966
- Pharyngonematidae Chitwood, 1950
- Ungellidae Chitwood, 1950
- Superfamily Drilonematoidea Pierantoni, 1916
- Incertae sedis
- Superfamily Anguinoidea Nicoll, 1935
- Infraorder Panagrolaimomorpha
- Superfamily Panagrolaimoidea Thorne, 1937
- Panagrolaimidae Thorne, 1937
- Superfamily Strongyloidoidea Chitwood & McIntosh, 1934
- Alloionematidae Chitwood & McIntosh, 1934
- Rhabdiasidae Railliet, 1916
- 斯氏线虫科 Steinernematidae Filipjev, 1934
- Strongyloididae Chitwood & McIntosh, 1934
- Superfamily Panagrolaimoidea Thorne, 1937
- 垫刃线虫下目 Tylenchomorpha
- 滑刃线虫总科 Aphelenchoidea
- 滑刃线虫科 Aphelenchoididae Fuchs, 1937[18]
- 有尾片芽叶线虫科 Aphelenchidae Fuchs, 1937
- 少尾片芽叶线虫科 Aphelenchoididae Skarbilovich, 1947
- Superfamily Criconematoidea Taylor, 1936
- Criconematidae Taylor, 1936
- Hemicycliophoridae Skarbilovich, 1959
- 半穿刺线虫科 Tylenchulidae Skarbilovich, 1947
- Superfamily Myenchoidea Pereira, 1931
- Myenchidae Pereira, 1931
- Superfamily Sphaerularioidea Lubbock, 1861
- Anguinidae Nicoll, 1935
- Iotonchidae Goodey, 1935
- Neotylenchidae Thorne, 1941
- Sphaerulariidae Lubbock, 1861
- 垫刃线虫总科 Tylenchoidea Örley, 1880
- 刺线虫科 Belonolaimidae Whitehead, 1959
- Dolichodoridae Chitwood, 1950
- Hoplolaimidae Filipjev, 1934
- 根结线虫科 Meloidogynidae Skarbilovich, 1959
- 短体线虫科 Pratylenchidae Thorne, 1949
- 垫刃线虫科 Tylenchidae Örley, 1880
- 滑刃线虫总科 Aphelenchoidea
- Infraorder Cephalobomorpha
- Incertae sedis
- Order Spirurida
- Suborder Camallanina
- Order Strongylida
- Superfamily Metastrongyloidea Lane, 1917
- Pseudaliidae Railliet & Henry, 1909
- Superfamily Trichostrongyloidea (Durette-Desset, 1985)
- Amidostomatidae Baylis & Daubney, 1926
- Superfamily Metastrongyloidea Lane, 1917
- Order Dioctophymatida
- Suborder Dioctophymatina
- Dioctophymatidae Railliet, 1915
- Soboliphymatidae Petrov, 1930
- Suborder Dioctophymatina
- 矛线目 Dorylaimida
- 矛线亚目 Dorylaimina
- Superfamily Belondiroidea Thorne, 1964
- Belondiridae Thorne, 1939
- Superfamily Dorylaimoidea de Man, 1876
- Actinolaimidae Thorne, 1939
- Aporcelaimidae Heyns, 1965
- Dorylaimidae de Man, 1876
- Longidoridae Thorne, 1935
- Nordiidae Jairajpuri & Siddiqi, 1964
- Qudsianematidae Jairajpuri, 1965
- Incertae sedis
- Thornenematidae Siddiqi, 1969
- Thorniidae de Coninck, 1965
- Superfamily Tylencholaimoidea Filipjev, 1934
- Aulolaimoididae Jairajpuri, 1964
- Leptonchidae Thorne, 1935
- Mydonomidae Thorne, 1964
- Tylencholaimellidae Jairajpuri, 1964
- Tylencholaimidae Filipjev, 1934
- Superfamily Belondiroidea Thorne, 1964
- Suborder Nygolaimina
- Superfamily Nygolaimoidea Thorne, 1935
- Aetholaimidae Jairajpuri, 1965
- Nygellidae Andrassy, 1958
- Nygolaimellidae Clark, 1961
- Nygolaimidae Thorne, 1935
- Superfamily Nygolaimoidea Thorne, 1935
- 矛线亚目 Dorylaimina
- Order Isolaimida
- Superfamily Isolaimoidea Timm, 1969
- Isolaimiidae Cobb, 1920
- Superfamily Isolaimoidea Timm, 1969
- Order Marimermithida
- Marimermithidae Rubtzov & Platonova, 1974
- 索线虫目 Mermithida
- Suborder Mermithina
- Superfamily Mermithoidea Braun, 1883
- 索线虫科 Mermithidae Braun, 1883
- Tetradonematidae Cobb, 1919
- Superfamily Mermithoidea Braun, 1883
- Suborder Mermithina
- 单齿目 Monochida
- Suborder Bathyodontina
- Superfamily Cryptonchoidea Chitwood, 1937
- Bathyodontidae Clark, 1961
- Cryptonchidae Chitwood, 1937
- Superfamily Mononchuloidea de Coninck, 1965
- Mononchulidae de Coninck, 1965
- Superfamily Cryptonchoidea Chitwood, 1937
- Suborder Mononchina
- Superfamily Anatonchoidea Jairajpuri, 1969
- Anatonchidae Jairajpuri, 1969
- Incertae sedis
- Cobbonchidae Jairajpuri, 1969
- Iotonchidae Jairajpuri, 1969
- Superfamily Mononchoidea Filipjev, 1934
- Mononchidae Filipjev, 1934
- Mylonchulidae Jairajpuri, 1969
- Superfamily Anatonchoidea Jairajpuri, 1969
- Suborder Bathyodontina
- Order Muspiceida
- Suborder Muspiceina
- Muspiceidae Bain & Chabaud, 1959
- Robertdollfusiidae Chabaud & Campana, 1950
- Suborder Muspiceina
- Order Trichinellida
- Superfamily Trichinelloidea Ward, 1907
- Anatrichosomatidae Yamaguti, 1961
- Capillariidae Railliet, 1915
- Cystoopsidae Skrjabin, 1923
- Trichinellidae Ward, 1907
- Trichosomoididae Yorke & Maplestone, 1926
- Trichuridae Railliet, 1915
- Superfamily Trichinelloidea Ward, 1907
- 刺嘴目 Enoplida
- Suborder Alaimina
- Superfamily Alaimoidea Micoletzky, 1922
- Alaimidae Micoletzky, 1922
- Superfamily Alaimoidea Micoletzky, 1922
- Suborder Campydorina
- Superfamily Campydoroidea Jairajpuri, 1976
- Campydoridae (Thorne, 1935)
- Superfamily Campydoroidea Jairajpuri, 1976
- Suborder Dioctophymina
- 刺嘴亚目 Enoplina
- Superfamily Enoploidea Dujardin, 1845
- Anoplostomatidae Gerlach & Riemann, 1974
- Anticomidae Filipjev, 1918
- Enoplidae Dujardin, 1845
- Phanodermatidae Filipjev, 1927
- Thoracostomopsidae Filipjev, 1927
- Superfamily Enoploidea Dujardin, 1845
- Incertae sedis
- Andrassyidae Tchesunov & Gagarin, 1999
- Suborder Ironina
- Superfamily Ironoidea de Man, 1876
- Ironidae de Man, 1876
- Leptosomatidae Filipjev, 1916
- Oxystominidae Chitwood, 1935
- Superfamily Ironoidea de Man, 1876
- Suborder Oncholaimina
- Superfamily Oncholaimoidea Filipjev, 1916
- Enchelidiidae Filipjev, 1918
- Oncholaimidae Filipjev, 1916
- Thalassogeneridae Orton Williams & Jairajpuri, 1984
- Superfamily Oncholaimoidea Filipjev, 1916
- Suborder Trefusiina
- Superfamily Trefusioidea Gerlach, 1966
- Lauratonematidae Gerlach, 1953
- Simpliconematidae Blome & Schrage, 1985
- Trefusiidae Gerlach, 1966
- Trischistomatidae Andrassy, 2007
- Xenellidae de Coninck, 1965
- Superfamily Trefusioidea Gerlach, 1966
- Suborder Trichinellina
- Suborder Tripyloidina
- Superfamily Tripyloidoidea Filipjev, 1928
- Tripyloididae Filipjev, 1918
- Superfamily Tripyloidoidea Filipjev, 1928
- Suborder Alaimina
- Order Triplonchida
- Suborder Diphtherophorina
- Superfamily Diphtherophoroidea Micoletzkyi, 1922
- Diphtherophoridae Micoletzky, 1922
- Trichodoridae Thorne, 1935
- Superfamily Diphtherophoroidea Micoletzkyi, 1922
- Incertae sedis
- Bastianiidae de Coninck, 1965
- Odontolaimidae Gerlach & Riemann, 1974
- Suborder Tobrilina
- Superfamily Prismatolaimoidea Micoletzky, 1922
- Prismatolaimidae Micoletzky, 1922
- Superfamily Tobriloidea Filipjev, 1918
- Pandolaimidae Belogurov, 1980
- Rhabdodemaniidae Filipjev, 1934
- Tobrilidae de Coninck, 1965
- Triodontolaimidae de Coninck, 1965
- Superfamily Prismatolaimoidea Micoletzky, 1922
- Suborder Tripylina
- Superfamily Tripyloidea de Man, 1876
- Tripyloidea de Man, 1876
- Tripylidae de Man, 1876
- Superfamily Tripyloidea de Man, 1876
- Suborder Diphtherophorina
- Order Benthimermithida
- Benthimermithidae Petter, 1980
- Order Rhaptothyreida
- Rhaptothyreidae Hope & Murphy, 1969
胞管肾纲之下的纲目计有[19]:
- 双胃亚纲 Diplogasteria:亦作双胃线虫亚纲,可能与Rhabditia为并系群[19]
- 小杆亚纲 Rhabditida:可能为并系群[19]
- 旋尾亚纲 Spiruria
- 蛔目 Ascaridida:海兽胃线虫
- 驼形线虫目 Camallanida:有其他文献归入旋尾目
- 蚓线目 Drilonematida:有其他文献归入旋尾目
- 尖尾目 Oxyurida (= Rhabdiasida):亦作尖尾线虫目,例如:蛲虫
- 里岗目 Rhigonematida:旧属垫刃亚纲
- 旋尾目 Spirurida:麦地那龙线虫
- 垫刃亚纲 Tylenchia:可能与Rhabditia为并系群[19]
双胃线虫亚纲
[编辑]双胃线虫亚纲(Diplogasteria)可能与Rhabditia为并系群[19]
- 双胃线虫目 Diplogasterida
- Suborder Chambersiellina Hodda 2007
- Superfamily Chambersielloidea Thorne 1937
- Family Chambersiellidae Thorne 1937 (Sanwal 1957)
- Superfamily Chambersielloidea Thorne 1937
- Suborder Diplogasterina Paramonov 1952
- Superfamily Cylindrocorporoidea T. Goodey 1939
- Family Cylindrocorporidae T. Goodey 1939
- Family Odontopharyngidae Micoletzky 1922
- Superfamily Diplogasteroidea Micoletzky 1922
- Family Cephalobiidae Travassos & Kloss 1960a
- Family Diplogasteridae Micoletzky 1922
- Family Diplogasteroididae Paramonov 1952
- Family Neodiplogasteridae Paramonov 1952
- Family Pseudodiplogasteroididae De Ley & Blaxter 2002
- Family Tylopharyngidae Filipjev 1918
- Superfamily Cylindrocorporoidea T. Goodey 1939
- Suborder Myolaimina Inglis 1983
- Superfamily Carabonematoidea Stammer & Wachek 1952
- Family Carabonematidae Stammer & Wachek 1952
- Superfamily Myolaimoidea Goodey 1963
- Family Myolaimidae Goodey 1963
- Superfamily Carabonematoidea Stammer & Wachek 1952
小杆亚纲
[编辑]旋尾亚纲
[编辑]旋尾亚纲包括:
- 蛔目 Ascaridida:海兽胃线虫
- 驼形线虫目 Camallanida:有其他文献归入旋尾目
- Family Anguillicolidae
- Family Camallanidae
- 龙线虫科 Dracunculidae
- Family Micropleudidae
- Family Philometridae
- 蚓线目 Drilonematida:有其他文献归入旋尾目
- 尖尾目 Oxyurida (= Rhabdiasida):亦作尖尾线虫目,例如:蛲虫
- Family Heteroxynematidae
- 尖尾线虫科 Oxyuridae:旧属小杆线虫目
- Family Pharyngodonidae
- Family Thelastomatidae
- 里岗目 Rhigonematida:旧属垫刃亚纲
- 旋尾目 Spirurida:麦地那龙线虫
- 华首总科 Acuarioidea Railliet, Henry & Sisoff, 1912
- Aproctoidea Skrjabin & Shikhobalova, 1945
- 双三齿线虫总科 Diplotriaenoidea Anderson, 1958
- 丝虫总科 Filarioidea Chabaud & Anderson, 1959
- Superfamily Gnathostomatoidea:现时属于独自的Gnathostomatomorpha下目
- Habronematoidea Ivaschkin, 1961
- 泡翼总科 Physalopteroidea Railliet, 1893
- Rictularioidea Railliet, 1916
- 旋尾总科 Spiruroidea Oerley, 1885
- 吸吮总科 Thelazioidea Skrjabin, 1915
垫刃亚纲
[编辑]- 滑刃目 Aphelenchida
- 滑刃线虫总科 Aphelenchoidea
- Family Aphelenchidae
- 滑刃线虫科 Aphelenchoididae
- Family Myenchildae
- Family Paraphelenchidae
- 滑刃线虫总科 Aphelenchoidea
- 垫刃线虫目 Tylenchida
- 环线虫总科 Criconematoidea
- 垫刃线虫总科 Tylenchoidea
- Family Anguinidae
- Family Belonolaimidae
- Family Dolichodoridae
- Family Ecphyadophoridae
- Family Hoplolaimidae
- Family Heteroderidae
- Family Pratylenchidae
- 垫刃线虫科 Tylenchidae
- Superfamily Sphaerularina
- Family Allantonematidae
- Family Fergusobiidae
- Family Iotonchiidae
- Family Parasitylenchidae
- Family Sphaerulariidae
过往分类及其理据
[编辑]亲缘支序学
[编辑]线虫及跟其他关系较为接近的原口动物的亲缘关系尚未解决。 传统上,线虫动物被认为有其自己独特的血统,但到了1990年代,有意见认为线虫动物应与其他诸如节肢动物的被提出与蜕皮动物合组成为蜕皮动物总门(Ecdysozoa)。 过往一直认为与线虫动物最接近的生物谁属这个问题已有很好很好的解决了。 形态特征和分子系统发育学的结果都认为寄生性的线形动物门(例如:马毛虫)跟圆虫是姊妹分类单元,而这两个分类单元共同组成了Nematoida。 连同有棘动物,线虫动物与牠们共同组成了环神经动物类(Cycloneuralia,又或Introverta)物种现时被视为线虫动物门之上的一个演化支,过往的分类如果承认这种划分的话,一般将之归类到了总门或超门级[20]。
Chitwood & Chitwood
[编辑]早期最有影响力的分类系统是BG Chitwood & MB Chitwood 兄弟 (1933)[21]—然后四年后BG Chitwood又再修订这个分类[22]—此分类系统将线虫分为无尾感器亚纲(Aphasmidia)及尾感器亚纲(Phasmidia)。 这两个亚纲后来重新命名为有腺纲(Adenophorea)及胞管肾纲(Secernentea)[23]。 胞管肾纲有许多共同的特征,包括具有尾感器,也就是一对在后方两侧之处的感觉器官,这也成为分类的基础。因为无尾感器亚纲这个分类中还有些不同,因此也产生了许多后续不同的分类。
1961年山口分类
[编辑]Yamaguti(1961)关于寄生在脊椎动物的线虫种类的分类系统
- 棒线目(Rhabdiasidea)
- 鞭虫目(Trichuridea)
- 膨结目(Diotophymidea)
- 鱼园线目(Ichthyostrongylidea)
- 园线目(Strongylidea)
- 尖尾目(Oxyuridea)
- 蛔目(Ascarididea)
- 旋尾目(Spiruridea)
- 丝虫目(Filariidea)
- 嗜子宫目(Philometridea)
- 僵直线虫目(Tetanonematidea)
陈心陶(1965年[来源请求])关于线虫的分类位置及其类群系统
- 线形动物门
1968年Levin分类
[编辑]Levin(1968)关于人畜寄生线虫的分类系统
- 泄腺纲(Secernentasida)
- 带腺纲(Adenophorasida)
1980年孔繁瑶分类
[编辑]孔繁瑶教授关于线虫分类的意见(按孔教授1980年讲演材料)
1981年Maggenti分类
[编辑]Maggenti(1981)线虫分类意见
1998年分类
[编辑]早期的DNA 排序研究[查证请求]认为线虫应该包括下列五个演化支[24]:
As it seems, the Secernentea are indeed a natural group of closest relatives. But the "Adenophorea" appear to be a paraphyletic assemblage of roundworms simply retaining a good number of ancestral traits. The old Enoplia do not seem to be monophyletic either, but to contain two distinct lineages. The old group "Chromadoria" seem to be another paraphyletic assemblage, with the Monhysterida representing a very ancient minor group of nematodes.
在胞管肾纲(Secernentea)之下各个亚纲,双胃线虫亚纲(Diplogasteria)可能会与小杆亚纲(Rhabditia)合并,而Tylenchia亚纲可能与这个合并后的分类为并系群[19]。
2002年分类
[编辑]由于对圆虫的系统学及支序分类学的认识,使牠们的分类作下列更新:
- Basal order Monhysterida
- Class Dorylaimea
- Class Enoplea
- 胞管肾纲(Secernentea)
- "Chromadorea" assemblage
2006年分类
[编辑]基于对多种线虫的小亚基rDNA序列几乎全长的分析,线虫被认为应该包含至少12个支序[25]: 包括秀丽隐杆线虫(Caenorhabditis elegans)和几乎所有主要动植物的寄生虫在内的胞管肾纲冠群,在有腺纲内非常突出。
有关对线虫动物门的系统学研究仍在改进中,这包括到分析959条线虫的基因[26]。
现时世上所有线虫物种的完整列表,可参看《World Species Index:Nematoda》这本书[27]。
2011年分类
[编辑]来自Hodda (2011)对整个线虫动物门的重新分类是这类动物最新的更新[28]。在这个更新里,旧有的绝大多数分类都被归到色矛纲(Chromadorea)之下;而与色矛纲同级的还有矛线纲(Dorylaimea)及刺嘴纲(Enoplea)[29]。
2013年分类
[编辑]Liu等人 (2013)一项有关线粒体DNA的研究认为下列的分类为合理[30]:
- 矛线亚纲 Dorylaimia
- orders Rhabditida, Trichinellida and Mermithida
- suborder Rhabditina
- infraorders Spiruromorpha and Oxyuridomorpha
The Ascaridomorpha, Rhabditomorpha and Diplogasteromorpha appear to be related.
The suborders Spirurina and Tylenchina and the infraorders Rhabditomorpha, Panagrolaimomorpha and Tylenchomorpha are paraphytic.
The monophyly of the Ascaridomorph is uncertain.
注释
[编辑]参考文献
[编辑]- ^ Nematode Fossils. Nematode Fossils [Nematoda].. [2013-04-21]. (原始内容存档于2021-04-28).
- ^ 2.0 2.1 Lambshead, PJD. Recent developments in marine benthic biodiversity research. Oceanis. 1993, 19 (6): 5–24.
- ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Chitwood BG. The English word "Nema" Revised. Systematic Zoology in Nematology Newsletter. 1957, 4 (45): 1619. doi:10.2307/sysbio/6.4.184. (原始内容存档于2009-02-21).
- ^ Hodda, M. Phylum Nematoda Cobb, 1932. In: Zhang, Z.-Q. (Ed.) Animal biodiversity: An outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness. Zootaxa. 2011, 3148: 63–95.
- ^ Zhang, Z. Animal biodiversity: An update of classification and diversity in 2013. In: Zhang, Z.-Q. (Ed.) Animal Biodiversity: An Outline of Higher-level Classification and Survey of Taxonomic Richness (Addenda 2013). Zootaxa. 2013, 3703 (1): 5–11. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3703.1.3.
- ^ Hsueh YP, Leighton DHW, Sternberg PW. (2014). Nematode Communication. In: Witzany G (ed). Biocommunication of Animals. Springer, 383-407. ISBN 978-94-007-7413-1.
- ^ 7.0 7.1 Borgonie G, García-Moyano A, Litthauer D, Bert W, Bester A, van Heerden E, Möller C, Erasmus M, Onstott TC. Nematoda from the terrestrial deep subsurface of South Africa. Nature. 2011-06, 474 (7349): 79–82. PMID 21637257. doi:10.1038/nature09974 (英语).
- ^ Lemonick MD. Could 'worms from Hell' mean there's life in space?. Time. 2011-06-08 [2011-06-08]. ISSN 0040-781X. (原始内容存档于2011-06-10).
- ^ Bhanoo SN. Nematode found in mine is first subsurface multicellular organism. The New York Times. 2011-06-01 [2011-06-13]. ISSN 0362-4331. (原始内容存档于2021-04-28) (英语).
- ^ Gold mine. Nature. 2011-06, 474 (7349): 6. doi:10.1038/474006b.
- ^ Drake, N. Subterranean worms from hell: Nature News. Nature News. 2011-06-01 [2011-06-13]. (原始内容存档于2021-04-28).
- ^ Danovaro R, Gambi C, Dell'Anno A, Corinaldesi C, Fraschetti S, Vanreusel A, Vincx M, Gooday AJ. Exponential decline of deep-sea ecosystem functioning linked to benthic biodiversity loss. Curr. Biol. January 2008, 18 (1): 1–8. PMID 18164201. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2007.11.056. 简明摘要 – EurekAlert!.
- ^ Platt HM. foreword. Lorenzen S, Lorenzen SA (编). The phylogenetic systematics of freeliving nematodes. London: The Ray Society. 1994. ISBN 0-903874-22-9.
- ^ Nematoda. ITIS. [2012-06-12].
- ^ Eisendle-Flöckner, Ursula; Mokievsky, Vadim. Nematoda. WoRMS. 2017-01-15 [2018-01-13].
- ^ Araeolaimida. GBIF. [2022-10-29]. (原始内容存档于2022-10-29).
- ^ Bezerra, Tânia Nara. Axonolaimoidea Filipjev, 1918. WoRMS. 2016-01-19 [2023-09-20] –通过WoRMS.
- ^ 《动物学辞典》在Google Books的内容。
- ^ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 19.5 19.6 19.7 19.8 Nematoda. Tree of Life Web Project (ToL). 2002-01-01 [2008-11-02]. (原始内容存档于2013-05-08).
- ^ Bilateria. Tree of Life Web Project (ToL). January 1, 2002 [2008-11-02]. (原始内容存档于2021-04-28).
- ^ Chitwood, BG; Chitwood, MB. The characters of a protonematode. J Parasitol. 1933, 20: 130.
- ^ Chitwood, BG. A revised classification of the Nematoda. Papers on helminthology, 30 year jubileum K.J. Skrjabin. Moscow: All-Union Lenin Academy of Agricultural Sciences. 1937: 67–79.
- ^ Chitwood, BG. The designation of official names for higher taxa of invertebrates. Bull Zool Nomencl. 1958, 15: 860–95.
- ^ Blaxter ML, De Ley P, Garey JR, Liu LX, Scheldeman P, Vierstraete A, Vanfleteren JR, Mackey LY, Dorris M, Frisse LM, Vida JT, Thomas WK. A molecular evolutionary framework for the phylum Nematoda. Nature. March 1998, 392 (6671): 71–5. PMID 9510248. doi:10.1038/32160.
- ^ Holterman M, van der Wurff A, van den Elsen S, van Megen H, Bongers T, Holovachov O, Bakker J, Helder J. Phylum-wide analysis of SSU rDNA reveals deep phylogenetic relationships among nematodes and accelerated evolution toward crown Clades. Mol Biol Evol. 2006, 23 (9): 1792–1800. PMID 16790472. doi:10.1093/molbev/msl044 (英语).
- ^ 959 Nematode Genomes – NematodeGenomes. Nematodes.org. 2011-11-11 [2012-06-12]. (原始内容存档于2015-08-05).
- ^ World Species Index:Nematoda. 2012.
- ^ Hodda, Mike. Phylum Nematoda Cobb 1932. Zhang, Z.-Q. (编). Animal biodiversity: An outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness (PDF) 3148. 2011: 63–95 [2017-12-16]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2021-04-28).
|journal=
被忽略 (帮助) - ^ Phylum Nematoda. WInvertebrates! (威斯康辛无脊椎动物数据库). 2017-05-04 [2017-12-16]. (原始内容存档于2021-04-28) (英语).
- ^ Liu, GH; Shao, R; Li, JY; Zhou, DH; Li, H; Zhu, XQ. The complete mitochondrial genomes of three parasitic nematodes of birds: a unique gene order and insights into nematode phylogeny. BMC Genomics. 2013, 14 (1): 414. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-14-414.