西科斯基 X2
Sirkosky X2 | |
---|---|
概观 | |
类型 | 实验复合直升机 |
代号 | X-2 |
乘员 | 2人 |
首飞 | 2008年8月27日 |
退役 | 2011年7月14日 |
生产 | 塞考斯基飞机公司 |
产量 | 1 |
现况 | 已退役 |
主要用户 | 美国陆军 |
衍生机型 | 赛考斯基S-97袭击者直升机[1] SB-1傲视者直升机 |
技术数据 | |
空重 | 5,300lb(2,404kg)[2] |
负载重量 | 6,000lb(2,722kg)[3][4][5] |
最大起飞重量 | 5,300lb(2,404kg)[6][7] |
发动机 | 1具LHTECT800-LHT-801涡轮轴发动机 |
推力 | 1,800shp(1,300kW) |
性能数据 | |
最大速度 | 290mph(460km/h,250kn)[8] |
最大航程 | 35mi(56km,30nmi) |
西科斯基 X2[9] (英语:Sirkosky X2)是一架由塞考斯基飞机公司研制的实验性同轴旋翼高速复合直升机,2008年首飞,2011年正式退役。
发展
[编辑]西科斯基开发X2的预算为5000万美元,该设计整合几个早期设计项目中累积的技术。S-69/XH-59A证明使用两个喷气发动机提供辅助推进的同轴直升机可以实现高速行驶,但同时机身振动过大和油耗过高。[10][11][12]Cypher UAV电传飞行器让斯科斯基对同轴飞行的控制有新的见解,RAH-66卡曼契直升机则累积复合叶片和先进传动设计方面的专业知识。[13][14]
其他积累的技术包括减慢[15]“消旋”[16] 刚性旋翼相距两英尺,受UH-60黑鹰直升机启发的主动力反振动,[17] 以及在向前飞行时将大部分动力用于推进螺旋桨而不是叶片。[18]与直升机不同的是,高速所需的动力大于悬停动力,而飞行员单独控制螺旋桨动力。
而在研发时,试飞和飞行模拟相同时进行,以改进测试程序。[19][20]电传飞行系统由霍尼韦尔提供,旋翼由鹰之航集团(Eagle Aviation Technologies)提供,抗震技术由穆格公司提供,螺旋桨由 Aero Composites 提供。[9]由于旋翼毂的阻力是叶片的10-20倍,[21]西科斯基打算测试旋翼毂整流罩以减少40%的阻力,[22]并在轮毂本身上测试飞行的整流罩,而不是旋翼毂之间的中央旋翼整流罩。[23]此后,西科斯基获得了适用于中央轮毂整流罩的“竖管”(旋转叶片轴之间的固定管)专利。[23][24]
2009年5月4日,西科斯基推出了X2的轻型武装直升机版本,[25] 并于2014年10月推出了原型机。[26][27][28]
2014年6月,西科斯基/波音联合提交基于X2基础,而衍伸的未来垂直起降载具(FVL)的SB-1傲视者直升机[26][27],并于10月获得陆军批准。[28]
历史
[编辑]X2于2008年8月27日在在纽约霍斯黑兹的Schweizer Aircraft首飞。该飞行持续了30分钟。[29] 该次飞行为一个四阶段的飞行测试,并最终达到计划的 250 节最高速度。[30]X2于2009年7月在其螺旋桨完全接合的情况下完成了飞行。[31]2010年5月下旬,西科斯基完成了测试的第三阶段,X2在试飞中达到了181节。[32]
2010年7月26日,西科斯基宣布X2在佛罗里达州西棕榈滩的飞行测试中超过225节(259英里/小时;417公里/小时),非正式地超过在1986年由改装过的韦斯特兰山猫直升机创造的国际航空联盟旋翼飞机世界速度纪录216节(249英里/小时;400公里/小时)。[33][34]
2010年9月15日,试飞员Kevin Bredenbeck以250节(290英里/小时;460公里/小时)的速度平飞,达到了西科斯基X2的设计目标,[35][36] 创造了非官方速度记录一架直升机。[10][37]并且,-2在2˚至3˚的浅俯冲中达到了260节(300 英里/小时;480 公里/小时)的新纪录速度,[38]仅低于西科斯基 S-69达到的303英里/小时。[39] X2的噪音也很小,据称在200节时的噪音水平与普通直升机在100节时的噪音水平相同。 在200节以上,旋翼速度从446降低到360RPM[40][6],以保持叶尖速度低于0.9马赫,旋翼盘略微抬头,升阻比约为一架传统的直升机,并在飞行测试期间也成功地进行了不干涉飞行。[41]
2011年7月14日,X2完成最后一次飞行,在23次试飞共计飞行22小时后正式退役。[42][43]X-2于 2016年10月捐赠给美国国家航空航天博物馆,并在弗吉尼亚州尚蒂利的史蒂文·乌德沃尔哈齐中心展出。[2][44]
参考
[编辑]- ^ "Award-Winning X2 Technology Demonstrator Takes its Final Flight - Program paved the way for upcoming S-97 Raider helicopter" (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), Sikorsky Aircraft Corp., 14 July 2011.
- ^ 2.0 2.1 Connor, Roger. Sikorsky X2 Helicopter Reaching New Speeds. National Air and Space Museum. 25 October 2016 [5 December 2016]. (原始内容存档于16 May 2020) (英语).
Weight, empty: 2,404 kg (5,300 lb)
- ^ Johnson, Wayne. Design and Performance of Lift-Offset Rotorcraft for Short-Haul Missions (PDF). NASA: 4. January 18–20, 2012 [2023-03-20]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2023-03-20).
nominal gross weight of 5950 lb.
- ^ Drew, James. ANALYSIS: Sikorsky seeks next leap in rotorcraft technology. Flight Global. 2016-02-19. (原始内容存档于30 August 2020) (英语).
We started with [the] X2 technology demonstrator at about 6,000lbs (2.7t) gross weight.
- ^ Walsh, D. High airspeed testing of the Sikorsky X2 Technology™ demonstrator. January 2011.
- ^ 6.0 6.1 Jackson, Dave. "Coaxial - Sikorsky ~ X2 TD" Unicopter, 18 September 2010. Accessed: April 2014. Archived on 13 September 2013.
- ^ Tomkins, Richard. "Sikorsky powers on S-97 avionics" United Press International, 17 June 2014. Accessed: 19 June 2014. Archived on 18 June 2014.
- ^ Sikorsky X2 Technology™ Demonstrator Achieves 250-Knot Speed Milestone. [2023-03-20]. (原始内容存档于2023-03-20).
- ^ 9.0 9.1 Sikorsky X2. Flug-Revue. [2007-06-25]. (原始内容存档于June 12, 2008).
- ^ 10.0 10.1 Goodier, Rob. Inside Sikorsky's Speed-Record-Breaking Helicopter Technology. Popular Mechanics. September 20, 2010 [22 September 2010]. (原始内容存档于2011-06-29).
- ^ Thomas Lawrence and David Jenney. The Fastest Helicopter on Earth. IEEE Spectrum. 31 Aug 2010 [1 August 2017]. (原始内容存档于30 January 2017).
the helicopter vibrated so much at these higher speeds that its pilots struggled to control it .. The heavy and fuel-hungry jets pushed the aircraft to high speed
- ^ XH-59A / X2 comparison (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) IEEE
- ^ Sikorsky to Build and Test X2 Technology Demonstrator Helicopter 互联网档案馆的存档,存档日期July 14, 2008,.. Sikorsky
- ^ Trimble, Stephen. Sikorsky X2 sets unofficial helicopter speed record. FlightGlobal. Reed Business Information. 26 July 2010 [29 July 2010]. (原始内容存档于2010-07-30).
- ^ First Flight Of Sikorsky X2 Demonstrator, 互联网档案馆的存档,存档日期March 7, 2012,. Aviation Week & Space Technology, 27 August 2008. Accessed: 9 March 2012. Archived on 7 March 2012.
- ^ Chandler, Jay. "Advanced rotor designs break conventional helicopter speed restrictions (page 1) 互联网档案馆的存档,存档日期July 18, 2013,." Page 2 互联网档案馆的存档,存档日期July 18, 2013,. Page 3 互联网档案馆的存档,存档日期2013-07-18.. ProPilotMag, September 2012. Accessed: 10 May 2014. Archive 1 Archive 2
- ^ X2 marks the spot for radical rotor designs (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), Flightglobal.com, 12 June 2007.
- ^ Fell, William. X2 From the Pilot's View. digitaledition.rotorandwing.com. April–May 2018. (原始内容存档于8 May 2019).
- ^ Wilson, J.R. "Defense Interview: Mark Miller" Defense Media Network, 9 September 2011. Accessed: 4 October 2014. Archived on 2 November 2012.
- ^ "Sikorsky Innovations Introduces X2 Technology™ Light Tactical Helicopter Simulator (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)" Sikorsky PR
- ^ Harris, Franklin D. "Rotor Performance at High Advance Ratio: Theory versus Test 互联网档案馆的存档,存档日期2013-02-18." page 119 NASA/CR—2008–215370, October 2008. Accessed: 13 April 2014.
- ^ Croft, John. Sikorsky X2 breaks helicopter speed barrier. Flightglobal (Reed Business Information). 20 May 2010 [28 May 2015]. (原始内容存档于28 May 2015).
- ^ 23.0 23.1 Dubois, Thierry. AgustaWestland. Aviation International News. 26 July 2011 [28 May 2015]. (原始内容存档于11 October 2014).
- ^ US 20150125299 "Counter-rotating Rotor System With Stationary Standpipe" PDF (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- ^ Trimble, Stephen. Sikorsky unveils mock-up X2 armed scout (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). Flightglobal.com, 4 May 2009.
- ^ 26.0 26.1 Majumdar, Dave. "Sikorsky and Boeing Team Submit New Army Helicopter Design" - News.USNI.org, 17 June 2014. Accessed: 19 June 2014. Archive
- ^ 27.0 27.1 Sikorsky and Boeing to pitch ‘X-2’-based design for US Army JMR TD effort (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) - Flightglobal.com, February 28, 2013
- ^ 28.0 28.1 U.S. Army Selects Bell and Sikorsky/Boeing to Build Prototypes for Next Generation Helicopter Program (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) - News.USNI.org, 3 October 2014
- ^ Trimble, Stephen. "Sikorsky's X2 speedster completes first flight". Flightglobal.com, 27 August 2008.
- ^ Trimble, Stephen. "Sikorsky high-speed X2 prototype starts flight-test phase" (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). Flight International, 2 September 2008.
- ^ Lynch, Kerry. "Sikorsky X2 Flies With Engaged Propeller" Aviation Week, 13 July 2009. Paywall
- ^ Croft, John. "Sikorsky completes third-phase X2 tests with 181kt flight" (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). Flight International, 27 May 2010.
- ^ "Rotorcraft Absolute: Speed over a straight 15/25 km course 互联网档案馆的存档,存档日期2013-12-03.". Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI). Note search under E-1 Helicopters and "Speed over a straight 15/25 km course". Accessed: 26 April 2014.
- ^ "X2 Technology Demonstrator Achieves 225 Knots, Sets New Top Speed for Helicopter - Target Milestone of 250 Knots Looms in Q3 2010" (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). UTC.com, 15 June 2015.
- ^ Croft, John. Sikorsky X2 hits 250kt goal. Flight International. September 15, 2010 [2010-09-16]. (原始内容存档于2013-10-19).
- ^ Varnon, Rob. Sikorsky's X2 chases world speed record. Connecticut Post. May 26, 2010 [2023-03-20]. (原始内容存档于2023-03-20).
- ^ Sikorsky X2 Technology Demonstrator Achieves 250-Knot Speed Milestone. sikorsky.com. 15 September 2010 [23 September 2010]. (原始内容存档于14 October 2013).
- ^ Finnegan, Joy editor-in-chief. Sikorsky Breaks 250 KTAS Record. Rotor & Wing. 1 October 2010 [6 October 2010]. (原始内容存档于2010-10-31).
- ^ Robb, Raymond L. Hybrid Helicopters: Compounding the Quest for Speed[永久失效链接] p49, Vertiflite, Summer 2006. Quote: "Ultimately, the XH-59A achieved an incredible 303 mph"
- ^ Datta, Anubhav et al. Experimental Investigation and Fundamental Understanding of a Slowed UH-60A Rotor at High Advance Ratios (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), page 2. NASA, 2011. Accessed: April 2014.
- ^ D. Walsh, S. Weiner, K. Arifian, T. Lawrence, M. Wilson, T. Millott and R. Blackwell. "High Airspeed Testing of the Sikorsky X2 Technology Demonstrator[永久失效链接]" Sikorsky, May 4, 2011. Accessed: October 5, 2013.
- ^ Paur, Jason. Sikorsky's Record-Setting Helicopter Retires. WIRED. 15 July 2010 [15 July 2011]. (原始内容存档于2013-07-19).
- ^ Sikorsky X2 rotorcraft prototype makes final flight after proving technology for S-97 scout/attack helicopter. www.militaryaerospace.com. 17 July 2011 [2023-03-20]. (原始内容存档于2021-02-04).
- ^ Sikorsky X2 joins Smithsonian collection. Helicopter Association International. Helicopter Association International. 28 October 2016 [5 December 2016]. (原始内容存档于2016-12-20).
外部链接
[编辑]外部视频链接 | |
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Official Sikorsky X2 videos | |
YouTube上的Sikorsky X2 technology, mitigating dissymmetry of lift and air compressibility near rotor blade tip | |
YouTube上的Sikorsky X2 record flight in 2010 | |
YouTube上的Sikorsky X2 Collier Trophy, pilot and staff commentary |
- Sikorsky X2 company page Archive from 2009
- Sikorsky X2 (proposed) on unicopter.com (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) (patent list at the bottom)
- "Sikorsky Calls X2 Shape of the Future", Aviation Week, 25 February 2008 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- "Sikorsky X2 In Blades-On Ground Tests", Aviation Week, 21 May 2008 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- "Hyper Helos: Prototypes coming off the drawing board and into the race", Flight International, 3 July 2008 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- "Swamp Pirates" (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association, October 1, 2011
- Sikorsky X-2 at the Stuart Air Show, Nov 11, 2011