蜻蛉目
蜻蛉目 化石時期：[1]
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| Tau emerald (Hemicordulia tau) dragonfly | |
科學分類 
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| 界： | 動物界 Animalia |
| 門： | 節肢動物門 Arthropoda |
| 綱： | 昆蟲綱 Insecta |
| 亞綱： | 有翅亞綱 Pterygota |
| 類： | 古翅下綱 Palaeoptera |
| 總目： | 蜻蛉總目 Odonatoptera |
| （未分級）： | 全蜻蛉類 Holodonata |
| 目： | 蜻蛉目 Odonata Fabricius, 1793[2] |
| 亞目[3] | |
蜻蛉目（學名：Odonata）的昆蟲主要包括蜻蜓和豆娘，又名丁蛵、虰蛵。這些昆蟲有着碩大的複眼、兩對強而有力的透明翅膀，與及修長的腹部。
蜻蛉目為肉食性昆蟲。頭部靈活，複眼發達，單眼3個。觸角短，4-7節。翅膀4翼，細長。腹部修長。為不完全變態，稚蟲水棲，無蛹期。蜻蛉目的昆蟲包含「豆娘」和「蜻蜓」二大類；細長的身體、二對透明的翅膀、一對大複眼是牠們的共同特徵。種類繁多，目前全世界已知約有5900種以上。
蜻蜓和豆娘的差異
[編輯]- 蜻蜓身體較為扁平粗壯，兩側的複眼距離較近，甚至連接；停棲時其翅膀平展至兩側。成語「蜻蜓點水」就是描述牠的產卵動作，卵在水裏孵化成稚蟲（水蠆），稚蟲沒有尾鰓，以直腸腮呼吸。
- 豆娘身體較為纖細，頭部似啞鈴狀，兩側為明顯的複眼，停棲時多數種類會將上下翅疊合在一起。稚蟲（水蠆）尾部有3個葉片狀的尾絲即是尾鰓。
兩類幼蟲的生態相似，均以捕捉小型魚類、蝌蚪或其它水生昆蟲為食。
分類
[編輯]上尾亞目 Epiprocta
[編輯]昔蟌下目 Epiophlebioptera（=間翅亞目 Anisozygoptera）
[編輯]差翅下目 Anisoptera
[編輯]- 晏蜓總科（蜓總科） Aeshnoidea
- 古蜓總科 Petaluroidea
- 古蜓科 Petaluridae
- 春蜓總科 Gomphoidea
- 春蜓科（箭蜓科）Gomphidae
- 勾蜓總科 Cordulegastroidea
- 蜻蜓總科 Libelluloidea
均翅亞目 Zygoptera
[編輯]- 絲蟌總科 Lestoidea
- 短脈蟌總科 Platystictoidea
- 短脈蟌科（扁蟌科） Platystictidae
- 珈蟌總科 Calopterygoidea
- 麗蟌科 Amphipterygidae
- 珈蟌科（河蟌科、色蟌科）Calopterygidae
- 鼓蟌科（鼻蟌科）Chlorocyphidae
- Dicteriadidae
- 幽蟌科 Euphaeidae
- 擬絲蟌科 Lestoideidae
- 蹣蟌科 Megapodagrionidae
- Philogangidae
- 美蟌科 Polythoridae
- Pseudolestidae
- 細蟌總科 Coenagrionoidea
- Isostictidae
- 琵蟌科 Platycnemididae
- 細蟌科 Coenagrionidae
- 科的地位未定的屬：
- Ablepsites Gistl, 1848
- Accaphila Kirby, 1909
- Acrophlebia Cowley, 1942
- Acrotropia Schummel, 1828
- Adelophebia Pritykina, 1980
- Aeschnopsis Cowley, 1942
- Africalestes Kennedy, 1920
- Agrion Leach, 1815
- Anaciagrion Kennedy, 1920
- Anapetes Burmeister, 1839
- Andrephlebia Bechly, 2019
- Anomalura Kennedy, 1920
- Anomothemis Handlirsch, 1906
- Anticordulia Needham & Bullock, 1943
- Antitaxineura Tillyard, 1935
- Apeleutherus Kirby, 1900
- Archaeallagma Kennedy, 1920
- Archiclops Karsch, 1891
- Archithemis Handlirsch, 1906
- Aurorachlorus Carle, 1995
- Austrolestidion Tillyard, 1916
- Austrolibellula Petrulevicius & Nel, 2003
- Austroprotolindenia Beattie & Nel, 2012
- Azuma Needham, 1904
- Balticoagrion Bechly, 2012
- Bechlya Jarzembowski & Nel, 2002
- Brachybasis Kirby, 1890
- Brunellopteron Béthoux, Deregnaucourt & Norrad, 2021
- Burmastenophlebia Huang et al., 2018
- Cacergates Kirby, 1889
- Caenoneura Kirby, 1890
- Caleimokaltania Zalesskii, 1955
- Calesynthemis Carle, 1995
- Calopteryx de Charpentier, 1839
- Camptotaxineura Tillyard, 1937
- Carpentertypus Zessin, 1983
- Celaenura Kennedy, 1917
- Ceratopyga Nunney, 1895
- Cercus Hong, 1982
- Cerdanyagrion Nel, Arillo & Martinez-Delclos, 1996
- Ceylanicolestes Fraser, 1924
- Chalcargia Kennedy, 1920
- Chloroneura Laidlaw, 1917
- Chromatoptera Schummel, 1828
- Cladophlebia Pritykina, 1981
- Clydonophlebia Cowley, 1942
- Cnemophila Wallengren, 1894
- Coenargiocnemis Fraser, 1949
- Condalia Whalley & Jarzembowski, 1985
- Cornacantha Martin, 1908
- Cratostenophlebia Bechly, 2007
- Cretahemiphlebia Jarzembowski, Martinez-Delclos, Bechly, Nel, Coram & Escuillie, 1998
- Cretalestes Jarzembowski, Martinez-Delclos, Bechly, Nel, Coram & Escuillie, 1998
- Cretaneophyla Jarzembowski & Nel, 1996
- Cretapodagrion Huang et al., 2017
- Cretarchistigma Jarzembowski, Martinez-Delclos, Bechly, Nel, Coram & Escuillie, 1998
- Cyanargia Kennedy, 1920
- Cymatophlebiella Pritykina, 1968
- Cymatophlebiopsis Cowley, 1942
- Cynaothemis Ris, 1915
- Cyptolestes Williamson, 1921
- Daemhippus Navás, 1927
- Diargia Calvert, 1909
- Dinosamarura Pritykina, 1985
- Diplacodina Förster, 1905
- Disparonevra Selys, 1860
- Dissurus Hong, 1982
- Ditaxineurella Martynov, 1940
- Dolaeschna Needham, 1907
- Doropteron Zalessky, 1946
- Echinopterogomphus Fraser, 1926
- Eocalopteryx Cockerell, 1920
- Eodichroma Cockerell, 1923
- Eodysphaea Bechly, Romain, Aase, Karr, Grance & Nel, 2020
- Eolestes Schmidt, 1943
- Eolibellula Kennedy, 1922
- Eorogomphus Carle, 1995
- Eotania Carle & Kjer, 2002
- Eothaumatoneura Pongrácz, 1935
- Epacantha Martynov, 1929
- Epallagites Cockerell, 1924
- Epilestes Martynov, 1937
- Erasipteroides Brauckmann & Zessin, 1989
- Erasipteron Pruvost, 1933
- Erythragrion Selys, 1876
- Esaulestes Fraser, 1957
- Estemoa Giebel, 1856
- Euarchistigma Carle & Wighton, 1990
- Euchlorolestes Kennedy, 1920
- Eugomphus Kennedy, 1947
- Eurothemis Kennedy, 1922
- Gallostenophlebia Nel et al., 2015
- Gallostenophlebia incompleta Nel et al., 2015
- Gasophlebia Linnaeus, 1982
- Geisfeldiella Kuhn, 1951
- Goniostigma Kennedy, 1920
- Hageniella Meunier, 1898
- Haplostigma Kennedy, 1920
- Hawaiiagrion Kennedy, 1920
- Hebeiaeschnidia Hong, 1982
- Heliargia Kennedy, 1920
- Helothemis Karsch, 1890
- Hemerobioides Buckland, 1838
- Hemistigmoides Calvert, 1899
- Hemizygopteron Zalesskii, 1955
- Hesperaeschna Cockerell, 1913
- Hispanocoenagrion Nel, Arillo & Ortuno, 1997
- Hologomphus Bartenev, 1914
- Holotania Kirby, 1889
- Homothetus Scudder, 1867
- Huabeia Hong, 1983
- Hyponevra Selys, 1854
- Hypostrophoneura Munz, 1919
- Idionevra Selys, 1860
- Indogomphus Fraser, 1922
- Indomacromia Fraser, 1924
- Indorogomphus Carle, 1995
- Ischnallagma Kennedy, 1920
- Ischnogomphus Williamson, 1918
- Ischnuragrion Longfield, 1947
- Ischuridia Donnelly, 1965
- Italolestes Nel, Petrulevicius, Gentilini & Martínez-Delclòs, 2005
- Italophlebia Whalley, 1987
- Ixtahua Feldmann, Vega, Applegate & Bishop, 1998
- Jacquesoudardia Prokop, Roques & Nel, 2014
- Josocora Kennedy, 1940
- Jujusia Petrulevicius & Nel, 2002
- Kazachophlebia Pritykina, 1968
- Kazakhophlebiella Nel, Bechly, Jarzembowski & Martinez-Delclos, 1998
- Kirbygomphus Karsch, 1896
- Kobdoneura Pritykina, 1985
- Koreatriassothemis Nel, Nam & Jouault, 2022
- Laragithemis Linnaeus, 1982
- Leptargia Kennedy, 1920
- Leucopteryx Fraser, 1933
- Liadothemis Handlirsch, 1906
- Liaostenophlebia Daran, Wang, Jarzembowski, Wang, Chang & Zhang, 2016
- Libanolestes Azar, Prokop & Nel, 2010
- Libella Selys, 1840
- Libellulites Charpentier, 1840
- Lithaeschna Cockerell, 1907
- Litheuphaea Fraser, 1955
- Lodevia Nel, Gand, Garric & Lapeyrie, 1999
- Longchampia Kirby, 1890
- Lutetialestes Greenwalt & Bechly, 2014
- Macrosoma de Haan, 1826
- Magnasupplephlebia Zessin, 1982
- Malamarptis Karsch, 1890
- Malayaeschna Förster, 1909
- Malayogomphus Förster, 1914
- Marmaraeschna Calvert, 1952
- Megalaeschna Selys, 1867
- Megasemum Maneval, 1936
- Megatypus Tillyard, 1925
- Mesostenophlebia Fleck, Bechly, Martinez-Delclos, Jarzembowski, Coram & Nel, 2003
- Micrargia Kennedy, 1920
- Microdiplax Selys, 1889
- Monocoloptera Karsch, 1900
- Morbaeschna Needham, 1907
- Myagrion Förster, 1914
- Nadiplax Navás, 1916
- Namurotypus Brauckmann & Zessin, 1989
- Negomphoides Muttkowski, 1910
- Neocysta Kirby, 1889
- Neoligaeschna Carpenter, 1985
- Neonevra Selys, 1860
- Neophlebia Selys, 1869
- Neorogomphus Carle, 1995
- Neotetrum Kennedy, 1922
- Neothemis Karsch, 1889
- Neritophlebia Pritykina, 1981
- Nesocnemis Selys, 1891
- Nesocria Kirby, 1889
- Neureclipa Navás, 1911
- Neurocena Kirby, 1900
- Neurothemls
- Nevrocordulia Selys, 1871
- Nevrolestes Selys, 1882
- Nonymophlebia Pritykina, 1981
- Nunneygomphus Karsch, 1896
- Nympheutria Karsch, 1894
- Oahuagrion Kennedy, 1920
- Oligoaeshna Piton & Theobald, 1939
- Oligoargiolestes Kennedy, 1925
- Oligotypus Carpenter, 1931
- Orogomphus Selys, 1878
- Orthaeschnites Haupt, 1956
- Oryctothemis Handlirsch, 1906
- Oxygomphus Lacroix, 1921
- Palaeobasis Kennedy, 1920
- Palaeophlebia Brauer, Redtenbacher & Ganglbauer, 1889
- Palaeothemis Martynov, 1932
- Palpoplevra Rambur, 1842
- Pamita May & Carle, 2005
- Pamita hannahdaltonae May & Carle, 2005[4]
- 副春蜓屬 Paragomphus Handlirsch, 1939
- Paralestes Schmidt, 1951
- Parapetala Huang, Nel & Lin, 2003
- Parazygoptera Bechly, 1997
- Parelthothemis Handlirsch, 1906
- Passeria Martin, 1915
- Paurophlebia Pritykina, 1981
- Perissophlebia Tillyard, 1918
- Permagrion Tillyard, 1928
- Permothemis Martynov, 1934
- Petrothemis Handlirsch, 1906
- Pigiphila Buchecker, 1876
- Plagiophlebia Bode, 1953
- Podothemis Ris, 1909
- Potamothemis Kirby, 1889
- Preia Gistl, 1848
- Pritykiniella Nel, Bechly, Jarzembowski & Martinez-Delclos, 1998
- Procordulagomphus Nel & Escuille, 1995
- Progonophlebia Tillyard, 1925
- Projagoria Martynov, 1929
- Promegalestes Petrulevicius & Nel, 2004
- Propecymatophlebia Huang et al., 2017
- Prophaon Fraser, 1941
- Protagrion Brongniart, 1893
- Protonevra Selys, 1857
- Pseudoliupanshania Zheng, Zhang, Zhang & Nel, 2022
- Pseudomacromia Carle & Wighton, 1990
- Pseudorthemis Förster, 1899
- Pseudosamarura Linnaeus, 1976
- Pycnothemis Handlirsch, 1939
- Rabru Béthoux, De la Horra, Benito, Barrenechea, Galán & López-Gómez, 2009
- Reschiostenophlebia Bechly, 2019
- Rhabdothemis Handlirsch, 1939
- Risioneura Munz, 1919
- Rudiaeschna Ren & Guo, 1996
- Samarura Brauer, Redtenbacher & Ganglbauer, 1889
- Santanagrion Bechly, 2010
- Saxonagrion Nel, Gand, Fleck, Bethoux, Lapeyrie & Garric, 1999
- Schizonyx Karsch, 1890
- Schizothemis Sjöstedt, 1899
- Schlechtendaliola Handlirsch, 1919
- Scytolestes Martynov, 1937
- Secundaeschna Goetz, 1923
- Sinocymatophlebiella Li, Nel, Ren & Pang, 2011
- Sinophlebia Mi, Zhang & Sun, 1993
- Sogdothemis Martuinov, 1937
- Solutotherates Brauckmann & Zessin, 1989
- Stenophlebia Hagen, 1866
- Stephanotypus Zessin, 1983
- Sterope Heer, 1849
- Steropoides Kirby, 1890
- Syntetrum Kennedy, 1922
- Syrrhoe Bode, 1953
- Taeniogaster Selys, 1854
- Taolestes Needham, 1928
- Tarsophlebiopsis Tillyard, 1923
- Telleallagma Kennedy, 1920
- Telmaeshna Zhang, Ren & Pang, 2008
- Temnostigma Handlirsch, 1939
- Terskeja Pritykina, 1981
- Tetragonia Hagen, 1849
- Thanetophilosina Nel, Martinez-Delclos, Papier & Oudard, 1997
- Thecagaster Selys, 1854
- Thecaphora Charpentier, 1839
- Tillyardagrion Martynov, 1927
- Tillyardia Bolton, 1922
- Triaeschna Campion, 1916
- Triassophlebia Tillyard, 1922
- Tricholestes Fraser, 1951
- Truemania Bolton, 1934
- Urothemis Hagen, 1875
- Valerea Garrouste et al., 2016
- Vanderia Kirby, 1890
- Vestinus Kennedy, 1920
- Voltzialestes Nel, Papier, Grauvogel-Stamm & Gall, 1996
- Vulcagrion Nel & Paichele, 1994
- Whalleyala Brauckmann & Zessin, 1989
- Wolfgangeuphaea Nel, 2020
- Xanthostoma Selys, 1850
- Xenogomphus Needham, 1944
- Xerolestes Fraser, 1951
- Yixianstenophlebia Nel & Huang, 2015
參考文獻
[編輯]- ^ Hoell, H.V., Doyen, J.T. & Purcell, A.H. Introduction to Insect Biology and Diversity, 2nd ed.. Oxford University Press. 1998: 320. ISBN 0-19-510033-6.
- ^ Fabricius, Johann Christian. Entomologia Systematica Emendata et Aucta. Secundum, Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, adjectis synonimis, locis, observationibus, descriptionibus. Hafniae : impensis Christ. Gottl. Proft. 1793: 519 [373] [2018-04-19]. doi:10.3931/e-rara-26792. （原始內容存檔於2019-07-17） –透過e-rara.ch （拉丁語）.
- ^ 3.0 3.1 Dijkstra, Klaas-Douwe B.; Bechly, Günter; Bybee, Seth M.; Dow, Rory A.; Dumont, Henri J.; Fleck, Günther; Garrison, Rosser W.; Hämäläinen, Matti; Kalkman, Vincent J. The classification and diversity of dragonflies and damselflies (Odonata). In: Zhang, Z.-Q. (Ed.) Animal Biodiversity: An Outline of Higher-level Classification and Survey of Taxonomic Richness (Addenda 2013). Zootaxa. 2013-08-30, 3703 (1). ISSN 1175-5334. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3703.1.9 （英語）.
- ^ Michael L. May & Frank Louis Carle (2005) Pamita hannahdaltonae gen. nov., sp. nov. from Baltic amber (Odonata: Amphipterygida), International Journal of Odonatology, 8:2, 213-221, DOI: 10.1080/13887890.2005.9748253
外部連結
[編輯]昆蟲圖庫：蜻蛉目 （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）- 臺北市南港區南港國民小學：蟲蟲微機 （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
參見
[編輯]延伸閱讀
[編輯][在維基數據編輯]
《欽定古今圖書集成·博物彙編·禽蟲典·蜻蛉部》，出自陳夢雷《古今圖書集成》
維基共享資源上的相關多媒體資源：蜻蛉目
