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莫森氏魚屬

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莫森氏魚屬
莫森氏魚未定種的顱骨化石
科學分類 編輯
界: 動物界 Animalia
門: 脊索動物門 Chordata
綱: 腔棘魚綱 Coelacanthimorpha
目: 腔棘魚目 Coelacanthiformes
科: 莫森氏魚科 Mawsoniidae
屬: 莫森氏魚屬 Mawsonia
Woodward, 1907
  • 巴西莫森氏魚 M. brasiliensis Yabumoto, 2002
  • 巨型莫森氏魚 M. gigas Woodward, 1907 (模式)
  • 拉氏莫森氏魚 M. lavocati Tabaste, 1963
  • 小莫森氏魚 M. minor Woodward, 1908
  • 利比斯莫森氏魚 M. libyca Weiler, 1935
  • M. soba Brito, 2018
  • M. tegamensis Wenz, 1975
  • 烏班吉莫森氏魚 M. ubangiensis Casier, 1961

莫森氏魚屬學名Mawsonia)為史前時代腔棘魚中已滅絕的一個,為目前已知體型最大的腔棘魚,體長可達5.3米(17.4英尺)[2]。牠們生存於侏羅紀晚期至白堊紀中期(提通期森諾曼期,約1.52億年至9,600萬年前)的南美洲、北美洲東部及非洲的淡水與半鹹水水域中。本屬是由英國古生物學家亞瑟·史密斯·伍德沃德於1907年進行發表與命名[3]

描述

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莫森氏魚復原圖
莫森氏魚骨架

莫森氏魚的體長可超過3.5米(11英尺),其中最大的樣本估計體長可達5米(16英尺),與同屬於莫森氏魚科粗首魚屬英語Trachymetopon體型相當[4][5][2]。牠們口內無明顯的牙齒,僅具有約1至2 mm(0.039至0.079英寸)長的小齒[6]

分類學

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莫森氏魚最早是由英國古生物學家亞瑟·史密斯·伍德沃德於1907年發表與命名,所依據的是發現於巴西巴伊亞州島嶼組英語Ilhas Group地層年代屬白堊紀早期的一具化石樣本。 莫森氏魚的化石發現於南美洲巴西巴伊亞組英語Bahia Group羅穆阿爾多組英語Romualdo Formation奧坎塔拉組英語Alcântara Formation布雷茹桑托組英語Brejo Santo Formation舊米桑組英語Missão Velha Formation烏拉圭塔夸倫博組英語Tacuarembó Formation[6]非洲阿爾及利亞突尼斯陸間組英語Continental intercalaire、突尼斯的艾因埃爾蓋塔組英語Aïn el Guettar Formation摩洛哥卡瑪卡瑪群喀麥隆Babouri Figuil盆地英語Babouri Figuil Basin,地層年代橫跨侏羅紀晚期至白堊紀晚期;美國德克薩斯州木藤組英語Woodbine Formation阿帕拉契古陸英語Appalachia_(landmass)[7][8]

莫森氏魚屬的模式種為巨型莫森氏魚M. gigas),在這之後則陸續有數個種被命名,包括巴西莫森氏魚(M. brasiliensis)、利比斯莫森氏魚(M. libyca)、小莫森氏魚(M. minor)、烏班吉莫森氏魚(M. ubangiensis),但也有學者認為這些均為巨型莫森氏魚的異名[5][9]。2014年雷歐·夫拉哥索針對莫森氏魚的論文[10]認為巴西莫森氏魚為有效名,並認為小莫森氏魚應也屬有效名。近年來的研究也多承認巴西莫森氏魚為有效名[9][11][12][13]。而原先被認為屬於莫森氏魚屬的拉氏莫森氏魚,則被認為實際上應屬於阿塞洛魚屬英語Axelrodichthys[13][14]

環境學

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莫森氏魚棲息於淡水與半鹹水的水域中[15]。目前仍未確定牠們的食性,但推測莫森氏魚可能為食殼性英語durophagy,透過口中的小齒來咬碎一些具堅硬外殼的小型無脊椎動物[16];也有可能是透過吸食方式英語suction feeding直接吞下整個獵物[17]

參考文獻

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  1. ^ Sereno, P. C.; Dutheil, D. B.; Iarochene, M.; Larsson HCE; Lyon, G. H.; Magwene, P. M.; Sidor, C. A.; Varricchio, D. J.; Wilson, J. A. Predatory Dinosaurs from the Sahara and Late Cretaceous Faunal Differentiation. Science. 1996, 272 (5264): 986–91. Bibcode:1996Sci...272..986S. PMID 8662584. doi:10.1126/science.272.5264.986. 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Cavin, Lionel; Piuz, André; Ferrante, Christophe; Guinot, Guillaume. Giant Mesozoic coelacanths (Osteichthyes, Actinistia) reveal high body size disparity decoupled from taxic diversity. Scientific Reports. 2021-06-03, 11 (1): 11812. Bibcode:2021NatSR..1111812C. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 8175595可免費查閱. PMID 34083600. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-90962-5 (英語). 
  3. ^ Mawsonia頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館) at Fossilworks.org
  4. ^ Dutel, Hugo; Pennetier, Elisabeth; Pennetier, Gérard. A giant marine coelacanth from the Jurassic of Normandy, France. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 2014-07-29, 34 (5): 1239–1242 [2023-02-20]. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 130632357. doi:10.1080/02724634.2014.838176. (原始內容存檔於2021-08-19). 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 de Carvalho, Marise S. S.; Maisey, John G. New occurrence of Mawsonia (Sarcopterygii: Actinistia) from the Early Cretaceous of the Sanfranciscana Basin, Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil. Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 2008, 295 (1): 109–144 [2023-02-20]. Bibcode:2008GSLSP.295..109D. ISSN 0305-8719. S2CID 73613846. doi:10.1144/sp295.8. (原始內容存檔於2023-02-20). 
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 Toriño, Pablo; Soto, Matías; Perea, Daniel; Salgado de Carvalho, Marise Sardenberg. New findings of the coelacanth Mawsonia Woodward (Actinistia, Latimerioidei) from the Late Jurassic – Early Cretaceous of Uruguay: Novel anatomical and taxonomic considerations and an emended diagnosis for the genus. Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 1 April 2021, 107: 103054 [2023-02-20]. Bibcode:2021JSAES.10703054T. ISSN 0895-9811. S2CID 229397087. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2020.103054. (原始內容存檔於2021-12-18) (英語). 
  7. ^ Cavin L, Toriño P, Van Vranken N, Carter B, Polcyn MJ, Winkler D (2021) The first late cretaceous mawsoniid coelacanth (Sarcopterygii: Actinistia) from North America: Evidence of a lineage of extinct 『living fossils』頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館). PLoS ONE 16(11): e0259292. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0259292頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館
  8. ^ Visiting instructor part of fossil fish team. [2023-02-20]. (原始內容存檔於2021-12-24). 
  9. ^ 9.0 9.1 Cupello, Camila; Batista, Thatiany A.; Fragoso, Léo G.; Brito, Paulo M. Mawsoniid remains (Sarcopterygii: Actinistia) from the lacustrine Missão Velha Formation (Lower Cretaceous) of the Araripe Basin, North-East Brazil. Cretaceous Research. 2016-10-01, 65: 10–16 [2023-02-20]. ISSN 0195-6671. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2016.04.009. (原始內容存檔於2021-03-11) (英語). 
  10. ^ Fragoso, Léo. Revisão do Ramo Gondwânico da família Mawsoniidae (Sarcopterygii: Actinistia: Coelacanthiformes). Doctoral Dissertation, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. 2014 [2023-02-20]. (原始內容存檔於2020-11-17). 
  11. ^ Batista, Thatiany Alencar; Bantim, Renan Alfredo Machado; Lima, Flaviana Jorge de; Santos Filho, Edilson Bezerra dos; Saraiva, Antônio Álamo Feitosa. New data on the coelacanth fish-fauna (Mawsoniidae) from the Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous of Araripe Basin, Brazil. Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 2019-11-01, 95: 102280 [2023-02-20]. Bibcode:2019JSAES..9502280B. ISSN 0895-9811. S2CID 199106397. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2019.102280. (原始內容存檔於2022-06-05) (英語). 
  12. ^ Cavin, Lionel; Cupello, Camila; Yabumoto, Yoshitaka; Léo, Fragoso; Deersi, Uthumporn; Brito, Paul M. Phylogeny and evolutionary history of mawsoniid coelacanths (PDF). Bulletin of the Kitakyushu Museum of Natural History and Human History, Series A. 2019, 17: 3–13 [2023-02-20]. (原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2022-02-20). 
  13. ^ 13.0 13.1 Fragoso, Léo Galvão Crainer; Brito, Paulo; Yabumoto, Yoshitaka. Axelrodichthys araripensis Maisey, 1986 revisited. Historical Biology. 2019-11-26, 31 (10): 1350–1372 [2023-02-20]. ISSN 0891-2963. S2CID 89795160. doi:10.1080/08912963.2018.1454443. (原始內容存檔於2023-02-20). 
  14. ^ Ibrahim, Nizar; Sereno, Paul C.; Varricchio, David J.; Martill, David M.; Dutheil, Didier B.; Unwin, David M.; Baidder, Lahssen; Larsson, Hans C. E.; Zouhri, Samir; Kaoukaya, Abdelhadi. Geology and paleontology of the Upper Cretaceous Kem Kem Group of eastern Morocco. ZooKeys. 2020-04-21, (928): 1–216 [2023-02-20]. ISSN 1313-2970. PMC 7188693可免費查閱. PMID 32362741. doi:10.3897/zookeys.928.47517可免費查閱. (原始內容存檔於2022-03-24). 
  15. ^ Meunier, François J.; Cupello, Camila; Yabumoto, Yoshikata; Brito, Paulo M. The diet of the Early Cretaceous coelacanth †Axelrodichthys araripensis Maisey, 1986 (Actinistia: Mawsoniidae). 2018 [2023-02-20]. doi:10.26028/CYBIUM/2018-421-011. (原始內容存檔於2021-05-18). 
  16. ^ Barbara S. Grandstaff, Joshua Smith, Matthew Lamanna, Allison Tumarkin-Deratzian, Joshua B Smith, Matthew Lamanna, Allison Tumarkin-Deratzian (2004) Cranial Kinesis and Diet in Mawsonia (Actinistia, Coelanthiformes)
  17. ^ Cavin, Lionel; Boudad, Larbi; Tong, Haiyan; Läng, Emilie; Tabouelle, Jérôme; Vullo, Romain. Taxonomic Composition and Trophic Structure of the Continental Bony Fish Assemblage from the Early Late Cretaceous of Southeastern Morocco. PLOS ONE. 2015-05-27, 10 (5): e0125786. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1025786C. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4446216可免費查閱. PMID 26018561. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0125786可免費查閱 (英語). 

延伸閱讀

[編輯]
  • Fishes of the World by Joseph S. Nelson
  • History of the Coelacanth Fishes by Peter Forey
  • Discovering Fossil Fishes by John Maisey and John G. Maisey
  • The Rise of Fishes: 500 Million Years of Evolution by John A. Long
  • Evolution of Fossil Ecosystems by Paul Selden and John Nudds