希羅菲盧斯

希羅菲盧斯（希臘語：Ἡρόφιλος、/hɪˈrɒfɪləs/）公元前335-280 – 公元前255，是一名希臘醫生及最早的解剖學家之一，出生於迦克墩。用人腦做實驗，開創了神經解剖學，在超過2000年前發現了神經系統，證明了神經從腦部起源。

成就[編輯]

公元前三世紀，希羅菲盧斯和埃拉西斯特拉圖斯經國王允許從監獄中獲取犯人身體進行解剖。他取得了兩點成就，一是在醫學領域建立了「小」文化，即對身體微小結構的認知。他發現了神經的存在，區分了運動神經和感覺神經，分辨了腦室、眼角膜和視網膜。他是第一個精確描述了肝，對胰腺、卵巢、輸卵管和子宮進行深入研究的人。

他的第二個成就是對身體的數學處理，認為胚胎的發展有階段性，疾病有周期性。他還用鐘錶測量出了脈搏率，並把它用作一種診斷手段。他還注意到了傷口的幾何圖形：圓形傷口比其他傷口癒合得慢。

von Staden H. (ed. trans.) Herophilos: The Art of Medicine in Early Alexandria. Cambridge University Press, 1989 ISBN 0-521-23646-0, ISBN 978-0-521-23646-1 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
Simon Hornblower and Anthony Spawford, "Herophilos", The Oxford Classical Dictionary. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999) 699.
"Herophilus", Encyclopedia of World Biography, Supplement Vol. 25 Thomson Gale. (Michigan: Gale).
Adrian Wills, "Herophilus, Erasistratus, and the birth of neuroscience", The Lancet. (November 13, 1999): 1719 Expanded Academic ASAP. Gale, 30 Nov. 2008.
"On the Localization of the Functions of the Brain with Special Reference to the Faculty of Language", Anthropological Review, Vol. 6, (Oct., 1868) 336.
Galen. On the natural faculties. Brock A. J. (trans.) Heinemann, London 1916. p. xii, 233

Dean-Jones, Lesley. Women's bodies in classical Greek science Revised. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1994. ISBN 0-19-814767-8.
Lloyd, G. E. R. Greek science after Aristotle. New York: Norton. 1973. ISBN 0-393-04371-1.
Lloyd, G. E. R. Science, folklore and ideology : studies in the life sciences in ancient Greece. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1983. ISBN 0-521-25314-4.
Longrigg, James. Superlative achievement and comparative neglect: Alexandrian medical science and modern historical research. History of science; an annual review of literature, research, and teaching. 1981, 19: 155–200. PMID 11610979.
Potter, Paul. Herophilus of Chalcedon: an assessment of his place in the history of anatomy. Bulletin of the history of medicine. 1976, 50 (1): 45–60. PMID 769875.
Solmsen, Friedrich. Greek Philosophy and the Discovery of the Nerves. Museum Helveticum. 1961, 18: 150–197.
von Staden, Heinrich. Hairesis and Heresy. Meyer, Ben F.; Sanders, E. P. (編). Jewish and Christian Self-Definition: Self-Definition in the Graeco-Roman World. London: SCM Press. 1982.