用户:AngeCI/沙盒

维基百科,自由的百科全书
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WannaCry[编辑]

Ooops, this userpage has been encrypted!

这个用户页出了什么问题
这个用户页被作者加密保存了。
这和一般的网页损坏有本质上的区别。您大可在网上找找恢复用户页的方法,我敢保证,没有作者的准许,就算老天爷来了也不能恢复这些内容。
有没有恢复这些网页的方法?
当然有可恢复的方法。只能通过贡献自己给作者尽情虐待才能恢复。我以人格担保,能够提供安全有效的恢复服务。
但这是收费的,也不能无限期的推迟。
请点击 <Bribe> 按钮,就可以免牺牲恢复一些内容。请你放心,我是绝不会骗你的。
但想要恢复全部内容,需要有足够多的人作出牺牲。
是否随时都可以固定时间受刑,就会恢复的吗,当然不是,推迟受刑时间越长对你不利。
最好3天之内支援牺牲,过了三天受刑时间就会翻倍。
还有,一个礼拜之内未作出牺牲,将会永远恢复不了。
对了,忘了告诉你,对半年以上不敢做出牺牲的胆小人士,会有活动免费恢复,能否轮到你,就要看你运气如何了。

Torture time will be raised on
21/5/2024 19:09:08

Time Left
Content will be lost on
21/5/2024 21:09:08

Time Left
About Abcabc2
How to sacrifice yourself?
Sacrifice yourself and be abused to this address:
Copy
Contact Us
Sacrifice yourself Bribe

数学用表[编辑]

乘法表[编辑]

x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
2 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40
3 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 39 42 45 48 51 54 57 60
4 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80
5 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100
6 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72 78 84 90 96 102 108 114 120
7 7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56 63 70 77 84 91 98 105 112 119 126 133 140
8 8 16 24 32 40 48 56 64 72 80 88 96 104 112 120 128 136 144 152 160
9 9 18 27 36 45 54 63 72 81 90 99 108 117 126 135 144 153 162 171 180
10 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200
11 11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88 99 110 121 132 143 154 165 176 187 198 209 220
12 12 24 36 48 60 72 84 96 108 120 132 144 156 168 180 192 204 216 228 240
13 13 26 39 52 65 78 91 104 117 130 143 156 169 182 195 208 221 234 247 260
14 14 28 42 56 70 84 98 112 126 140 154 168 182 196 210 224 238 252 266 280
15 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 180 195 210 225 240 255 270 285 300
16 16 32 48 64 80 96 112 128 144 160 176 192 208 224 240 256 272 288 304 320
17 17 34 51 68 85 102 119 136 153 170 187 204 221 238 255 272 289 306 323 340
18 18 36 54 72 90 108 126 144 162 180 198 216 234 252 270 288 306 324 342 360
19 19 38 57 76 95 114 133 152 171 190 209 228 247 266 285 304 323 342 361 380
20 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400

次方个位表[编辑]

n 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
0 1 4 9 6 5 6 9 4 1
0 1 8 7 4 5 6 3 2 9
n4 0 1 6 1 6 5 6 1 6 1
n5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

这个表是用来查某数的某次方的个位数,表中的空格表示根据上面的规则循环。表格上限以上的数值也是循环。

比如要查86174052的个位数:

8617的个位数是7,对应上表写着7的直行,计算的余数,答案应是0,找到n4横行与7直行的交点,得答案1。

阶乘[编辑]

象棋棋盘[编辑]

我的一个灵感:基于现有模板,加上“上一步”和“下一步”两个按钮,做一个用JavaScript或是HTML5的动态棋盘,仅使用一个棋盘的大小(指网页排版上的大小)便可以以图形表示一个棋局,而不用只使用可能较难理解的文字描述,以方便一般人更好地理解条目内容。相似的想法也可以应用在类似的棋盘上,比如国际象棋。


日耳曼语强变化动词[编辑]

这个条目现在的版本是基于2011年的英文维基条目翻译过来的。不过英文版的条目在2013年11月时做了个大修改,新的版本侧重于比较同一语言中不同动词的变化,而旧的版本侧重于比较同一动词在不同语言中的变化。

以下的内容是针对新条目的重新翻译,如果某部分内容与现时的中文版条目重合,将直接采用原来的条目。

新旧版条目对动词的各个主要部分的编号有点不同,原来的第二部分被视为第一部分的变种而不再直接列出,其之后的部分也被重新编号。本人倾向继续把这个部分列出,但会跟随新版条目的编号,并把旧版的第二部分重新命名为“第一部分 umlaut”。

起源及发展[编辑]

强动词起源于它们的祖语原始印欧语 (PIE)。在PIE中,元音变换可以在很多词类中频繁出现,而不只是动词。在任何给定的音节中出现的元音被称为它的“等级”。在很多词语中,它们的基本元音是*e (e-grade),但是,根据重音在词语中的位置,这个元音可以变成*o (o-grade),或者消失 (zero grade)。eo都可以延长变成ēō (lengthened grade)。因此元音变换可以把短e音变成以下的发音:

Ø e ē
o ō

随着日耳曼语言从原始印欧语的发展,它们大大地改变了原始印欧语的动词系统。原始印欧语没有时态,但是有三个不同“体”:现在、不定过去和完成。The present implied some attention to such details and was thus used for ongoing actions ("is eating",非完整体). The aorist originally denoted events without any attention to the specifics or ongoing nature of the event ("ate",完整体). 完成体是一个静态动词,and referred not to the event itself, but to the state that resulted from the event ("has eaten" or "is/has been eaten"). 在日耳曼语中,不定过去时最终消失了并与现在时合并,而完成时呈现了过去时的意义并成为了一般的过去时。因此,日耳曼语的现在时来自PIE的现在时,而过去时来自PIE的完成时。PIE动词的屈折变化也有相当大的变化。

在这些变化的过程中,由PIE元音变换引起的不同根元音成为了时态的标记。因此在日耳曼语中,*bʰer-变成了*beraną in the infinitive (e-grade); *bar in the past singular (o-grade); *bērun in the past plural (ē-grade); and *buranaz in the past participle (zero-grade).

原始日耳曼语中,强动词的系统是很规则的。随着从PIE到日耳曼语的发展中发生的音变,强动词的元音变得更多变,但通常以可预见的方式,因此在大多数情况下,一个给定类别的强动词的所有主要部分英语Principal part都可以从不定式中可靠地预测。因此,我们可以将日耳曼共同语重构为具有七个一致的强动词类。这个系统在最早期的日耳曼语言中基本保持完整,特别是哥德语古英语古高地德语古诺尔斯语

逐渐消失[编辑]

大部分直接来自原始印欧语的日耳曼语强动词,正在慢慢转化成弱动词或者被弱动词取代。

除了发展强动词系统之外,日耳曼语还发展了另外两类动词:弱动词和第三个更小的类别称为preterite-present verb英语preterite-present verbs。Preterite-present verbs在英语的助动词中继续存在,例如can/could, shall/should, may/might, must。 弱动词来自PIE中其他类型的动词,它们原来只有现在时。这些动词没有完成时,意味着一旦完成时变成了过去时,这些动词就会缺少过去时。由于没有过去时,它们显然也没有现在时和过去时之间的元音变化。为了弥补这一点,这些动词最终建立了一种新的过去形式 by adding a -d- or -t- suffix to the stem. 这就是只有强动词有元音变化的原因:它们的过去时继承自PIE的完成时,而弱动词的过去时是在后来才被创造的。

弱变化动词在各日耳曼语言中的发展,意味着强变化动词逐渐地失去其作用。基本上所有的新出现的动词皆为弱变化动词。许多强变化动词随着时间的经过,变成了弱变化动词,因此强变化动词的总数在各语言中是不断递减的。

强动词系统的一致性仍然存在于现代的德语荷兰语冰岛语法罗语中。例如在德语和荷兰语中, strong verbs are consistently marked with a past participle in -en, 而弱动词的过去分词在德语中以-t结尾,在荷兰语中以-t或者-d结尾。然而,在英语中,原始的强动词变化已经在很大程度上瓦解,结果在现代英语语法中,强弱动词的分别不比“规则”与“不规则”动词的分别来的有用。因此动词to help,它过去的变化形式为help-holp-holpen,但现在变成help-helped-helped。过来的现象,也就是弱变化动词借由类推变成强变化动词,是较少见的。(一个例子是在美式英语中的sneak, snuck, snuck.,一些权威人土认为它们是非正式的。另外还有"sneeze"的humorous past tense "snoze"[1]).

一些可能被某些人称为“半强变化”(semi-strong)的动词在过去式有弱变化的变位,但却依旧保有强变化的分词形,在少数情况下则相反。这类动词在荷兰语中较为常见:

  • lachen lachte (较早的形式为loech) gelachen (意即“笑”)
  • vragen vroeg (较早的形式为vraagde) gevraagd (意即“问”)

在英语中的例子有swell, swelled, swollen

在极少数情况下,使用者似乎通过矫枉过正英语Hypercorrection发明了原本不存在的强动词形式:

  • (只在美国和加拿大方言) dive, dove, dived.

变化解说[编辑]

(同原版)

动词种类[编辑]

日耳曼语的强动词一般基于元音转变的类型分为七类。This is in turn based mostly on the type of consonants that follow the vowel. 盎格鲁-撒克逊学者Henry Sweet给这七类命名为:

I. The "drive" conjugation

II. The "choose" conjugation

III. The "bind" conjugation

IV. The "bear" conjugation

V. The "give" conjugation

VI. The "shake" conjugation

VII. The "fall" conjugation

然而,它们一般只以数字表示。

In Proto-Germanic, the common ancestor of the Germanic languages, the strong verbs were still mostly regular. The classes continued largely intact in 古英语 and the other older historical Germanic languages: 哥德语古高地德语古诺尔斯语。 However, idiosyncrasies of the phonological changes led to a growing number of subgroups. Also, once the ablaut system ceased to be productive, there was a decline in the speakers' awareness of the regularity of the system. That led to anomalous forms and the six big classes lost their cohesion. This process has advanced furthest in English, but in some other modern Germanic languages (such as German), the seven classes are still fairly well preserved and recognisable.

The reverse process in which anomalies are eliminated and subgroups reunited by the force of analogy is called "levelling", and it can be seen at various points in the history of the verb classes.

In the later Middle Ages, German, Dutch and English eliminated a great part of the old distinction between the vowels of the singular and plural preterite forms. The new uniform preterite could be based on the vowel of the old preterite singular, on the old plural, or sometimes on the participle. In English, the distinction remains in the verb "to be": I was, we were. In Dutch, it remains in the verbs of classes 4 & 5 but only in 元音长度: ik brak (I broke - short a), wij braken (we broke - long ā). In German and Dutch it also remains in the present tense of the preterite presents. In 林堡语 there is a little more left. E.g. the preterite of to help is (weer) hólpe for the plural but either (ich) halp or (ich) hólp for the singular.

In the process of development of English, numerous sound changes and analogical developments have fragmented the classes to the extent that most of them no longer have any coherence: only classes 1, 3 and 4 still have significant subclasses that follow uniform patterns.

For a treatment of the classes one at a time showing how the forms evolved in the various Germanic languages, one can consult an older version of this Wikipedia article.[2]

Before looking at the seven classes individually, the general developments that affected all of them will be noted. The following phonological changes that occurred between Proto-Indo-European and Proto-Germanic are relevant for the discussion of the ablaut system.

  • The development of grammatischer Wechsel as a result of 维尔纳定律 (the voicing of fricatives after an unstressed vowel). This created variations in the consonant following the ablaut vowel.
  • When the zero grade appears before l, r, m or n, the vowel u was inserted, effectively creating a new "u-grade".
  • oa (also oyai, owau).
  • ei when i, ī or j followed in the next syllable. This change is known as umlaut, and was extended to affect other vowels in most later languages.
  • eyī as a result of the above.
  • ei before m or n followed by another consonant. This had the effect of splitting class 3 into 3a and 3b.

For the purpose of explanation, the different verb forms can be grouped by the vowel they receive, and given a "principal part" number:

  1. All forms of the present tense, including the indicative mood, subjunctive mood, imperative mood, the infinitive and present participle.
  2. The singular forms of the past tense in the indicative mood.
  3. All other past tense forms, which includes the past dual and plural in the indicative mood, and all forms of the past subjunctive mood.
  4. The past participle, alone.

In West Germanic, the 2nd person singular past indicative deviates from this scheme and uses the vowel of Part 3. Its ending is also an -i of unclear origin, rather than the expected -t < PIE *-th₂e of North and East Germanic, which suggests that this state of affairs is an innovation.

一至六类[编辑]

头五类动词似乎延续了以下的PIE元音等级:

第一部分 第二部分 第三部分 第四部分
1, 2, 3 e o
4 ē
5 ē e

除了四类和五类的第三部分明显的ē等级外,these are in fact straightforward survivals of the PIE situation.

PIE的标准模式在日耳曼语中反映为一至三类,现在时(第一部分)是e等级,过去直陈单数(第二部分)是o等级,剩下的过去时(第三部分)和过去分词(第四部分)是零等级。一、二和三类之间的差异来自根元音之后的半元音,如下表所示。

可以看出,第一部分的e等级和第二部分的o等级。它们之间的分别在于第三和第四部分:

  • 在一类和二类动词中,在元音后面的半元音在零等级时变成了全元音。
  • 在三类动词,以及四类动词的过去分词中,它们没有半元音but there were PIE syllabic resonants which developed in Germanic to u plus resonant; thus u became the Germanic sign of these parts. There is some evidence that this may have been the original behaviour of the past nonsingular / nonindicative of class 4 as well: to wit, preterite-presents whose roots have the class 4 shape show u outside the present indicative singular, such as *man- ~ *mun- "to remember", *skal- ~ *skul- "to owe".
  • 在五类动词中,过去分词的零等级有可能在PIE中已经变成了e等级, because these verbs had combinations of consonants that were phonotactically illicit as a word-initial cluster, as they would be in the zero grade.
  • 四类和五类的第三部分中的*ē事实上并不是PIE的延长等级,而是在日耳曼语才出现的。Ringe suggests that it was analogically generalised from the inherited part 3 of the verb *etaną "to eat" before it had lost its reduplicant syllable, PIE的*h1eh1d-规则地变为日耳曼语的*ēt-

Class 6 appears in Germanic with the vowels a and ō. PIE sources of the a vowel included *h2e, *o, and a laryngeal between consonants;[3] possibly in some cases the a may be an example of the a-grade of ablaut, though the existence of such a grade is controversial. It is not clear exactly how the ō is to be derived from an earlier ablaut alternant in PIE, but believable sources include contraction of the reduplicant syllable in PIE *h2-initial verbs, or o-grades of verbs with interconsonantal laryngeal. In any event, within Germanic the resulting a ~ ō behaved as just another type of vowel alternation.

原始日耳曼语中,这导致了以下的元音模式:

第一部分 第二部分 第三部分 第四部分 意义 通常的PIE来源
1 *rīdaną *raid *ridun *ridanaz to ride 元音 + y/i
2a *freusaną *fraus *fruzun *fruzanaz to freeze 元音 + w/u
2b *lūkaną *lauk *lukun *lukanaz to close, to shut 未知。
3a *bindaną *band *bundun *bundanaz to bind 元音 + mn + 其他子音。
3b *werþaną *wa *wurdun *wurdanaz to become 元音 + lr + 其他子音。
4 *beraną *bar *bērun *buranaz to bear 元音 + l, r, mn + 非子音。
5 *lesaną *las *lēzun *lezanaz to gather 元音 + 除了 y, w, l, mn之外的任何子音。
6 *alaną *ōl *ōlun *alanaz to grow, to mature 元音 + 单一子音,如果现在词干在晚期的PIE中有a或者o的话。
  • 2b类的来源不明,并且似乎不反映任何的PIE元音变换模式。
  • 在三类动词中,也有少数情况下,至少在原始日耳曼语中,元音后面会跟着两个辅音,而它们都不是鼻音或流音。[4]如:*brestaną "to burst", *þreskaną "to thresh" *fehtaną "to fight". 除了一个之外,所有元音前面都有一个鼻音或流音。This 这将会成为一个音节并且在鼻音或流音前产生一个u,然后它根据余下的主要部分进行类推。例如*brestaną的第三部分本来会是*bʰr̥st- > *burst-, reformed to *brust-.
  • 同样地,六类动词也包括一些元音后面跟着两个塞音情况,如*wahsijaną "to grow"。
  • 在五至七类中,还有一个叫“"j-presents”的子类。他们的现在时有一个额外的-j-,它导致了现在时中的umlaut。在西日耳曼语中,这也导致了West Germanic gemination

七类动词[编辑]

七类动词的形式非常不同,并没有完整地反映前五类中的标准元音等级。Instead of (or in addition to) vowel alternations, 这个类还显示了过去式中第一个词干辅音的重复

一般认为,reduplication was once a feature of all Proto-Indo-European perfect-aspect forms. It was then lost in most verbs by Proto-Germanic times due to haplology. However, verbs with vowels that did not fit in the existing pattern of alternation retained their reduplication. Class 7 is thus not really one class, but can be split into several subclasses based on the original structure of the root, much like the first 5 classes. The first three subclasses are parallel with classes 1 to 3 but with e replaced with a: 7a is parallel to class 1, class 7b to class 2, and class 7c to class 3.

The following is a general picture of the Proto-Germanic situation as reconstructed by Jay Jasanoff.[5] Earlier reconstructions of the 7th class were generally based mostly on Gothic evidence.

子类 第一部分 第二部分 第三部分 第四部分 意义 词根模式
7a *haitaną *hegait *hegitun *haitanaz to call a + i
7b *hlaupaną
*stautaną
*heglaup
*stestaut
*heglupun
*stestutun
*hlaupanaz
*stautanaz
to leap
to push, to bump
a + u
7c *haldaną
*fanhaną
*hegald
*febanh
*heguldun
*febungun
*haldanaz
*fanganaz
to hold
to catch
a + l, r, m or n + 其他子音(如果后面没有其他子音,将会变成六类动词)
7d *lētaną
*sēaną
*lelōt
*sezō
*lel-tun
*sez-un
*lētanaz
*sēanaz
to allow, to let
to sow
ē
7e *blōtaną
*grōaną
*beblōt
*gegrō
*beblō?tun
*gegr-un
*blōtanaz
*grōanaz
to sacrifice
to grow
ō

The situation sketched above did not survive intact into any of the Germanic languages. It was changed significantly, but rather differently in Gothic on one hand, and in the Northwest Germanic languages on the other.

  1. ^ 1957, S. Lee Crump, Boys' Life - Aug 1957 - Page 62: I sneezed a sneeze into the air; / It fell to earth I know not where. / But hard and cold were the looks of those / In whose vicinity I snoze. cited at http://www.engyes.com/en/dic-content/Anagrams/snoze
  2. ^ [1]
  3. ^ Examples: *aka- < *h2ego- ("to drive"), *mala- < *molh2o- ("to grind"), *habja- ("to lift") < *kh2pio- ("to seize"). See Ringe 2006, p. 188.
  4. ^ Ringe, Don. 2006. A Linguistic History of English. From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanlic. pp. 226, 243.
  5. ^ Jasanoff, Jay. From Reduplication to Ablaut: The Class VII Strong Verbs of Northwest Germanic (PDF). 2008 [26 November 2012].