里拉琴虫属

里拉琴虫属; 化石时期：521–514 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N 寒武纪第三期
	左边为钳形里拉琴虫，右边为三叶里拉琴虫
	上图为钳形里拉琴虫的附肢，下图为三叶里拉琴虫的附肢
科学分类
界：	动物界 Animalia
门：	节肢动物门 Arthropoda
纲：	†恐虾纲 Dinocaridida
目：	†放射齿目 Radiodonta
科：	†抱怪虫科 Amplectobeluidae
属：	†里拉琴虫属 Lyrarapax; Cong et al., 2014
模式种
	†刺钳里拉琴虫（Lyrarapax unguispinus）; Cong, Ma, Hou, Edgecombe & Strausfeld, 2014
种
	†三叶里拉琴虫 Lyrarapax trilobus Cong, Daley, Edgecombe, Hou & Chen, 2016; †刺钳里拉琴虫 Lyrarapax unguispinus Cong, Ma, Hou, Edgecombe & Strausfeld, 2014又称有爪里拉琴虫(模式种);

里拉琴虫属（学名：Lyrarapax）是抱怪虫科的一个属。是在中国的云南省的海口市发现刺钳里拉琴虫，^[1]澂江市澄江动物群发现三叶里拉琴虫。^[2]是种小型奇虾，身体长达 8公分，颈部有明显四节，有一对较短前附肢。一个基部的分节有刀状的（endites）（“前附肢棘”是指腹侧上的棘^[3]）和有梳状、硬化的刺，在刺的末端比较大。连续的分节排列著大和小的前附肢棘。身体第一个节的扇鳍（flap）比较厚肥，呈桨状，往后的扇鳍变的比较窄。^[1]^[4]且发现比较古老类似节肢动物的眼睛^[4]和与宣扬爪虫类似的脑。^[5]里拉琴虫占据了当地的顶级捕食者生态位。^[6]

命名[编辑]

里拉琴虫属（Lyrarapax）是由λύρα（希腊文）转换成lyra（拉丁文）指整体类似里拉琴的体形；rapax（拉丁文）意旨掠夺者。刺钳里拉琴虫的种小名unguis (拉丁文): 是指钳子; spinus（拉丁文）：刺，指有刺、爪状的附属肢体。trilobus（拉丁语）：指三叶里拉琴虫身体的三叶形外观。^[2]

身体[编辑]

刺钳里拉爪虫的化石照片（YKLP 13304）是从腹部看

发现刺钳里拉爪虫的化石照片（YKLP 13304）是从背部看

Cong等人在化石标本中找到了小眼和断裂的纤维束，猜测可能是器官的组织或是系统，之后证明为典型的奇虾动物的眼睛结构。^[1]

眼睛与脑部[编辑]

从眼睛延伸出来的横束代表视神经。一对类似的碳点与视网膜位于头部的前正中部分。基于常见的保存模式及其与原始大脑的连接，这些配对结构被认为是神经系统的一部分。它们的眼前位置对应于一对眼前附肢的起源，即坚固的、带刺的前附肢。因此，斑块被解释为与这些附肢相关的一对神经节。现存的真节肢动物缺乏前附肢和前神经节，但有人认为有爪动物拥有一对节段同源的附肢，即所谓的触角或前附肢，与这些附肢相关的神经纤维区域已被Gregory等人确定为神经节。^[4]

眼片[编辑]

眼片（eye sclerite）是指放射齿目的动物中眼睛会在化石发现眼睛里有一片矿化的骨片，除了赫德虾科里的种类，其余的种类都会有。^[7]Jianni Liuy在新发现里拉琴虫的化石中发现细长的眼片，^[8]^[9]推断眼片是和眼睛有关具有相似的形状和方向，且形状类似于同科的双肢抱怪虫（Amplectobelua symbrachiata）、加拿大奇虾（Anomalocaris canadensis）和针鼹虾属（Echidnacaris briggsi，异名：Anomalocaris briggsi）。^[7]

分类[编辑]

里拉琴虫与放射齿目的分类^[10][编辑]

筛虾科 Tamisiocarididae

奇虾科 Anomalocarididae

抱怪虫科 Amplectobeluidae

	抱怪虫属 Amplectobelua

	里拉琴虫属 Lyrarapax

史丹利虾属 Stanleycaris

大鳍盔虾属（英语：Schinderhannes） Schinderhannes

皮托虾属（英语：Peytoia） Peytoia

海神盔虾属 Aegirocassis

赫德虾属 Hurdia

帕凡特虾属 Pahvantia

	显爪虾属 Cambroraster

	巨盔虾属 Titanokorys

	心虾属 Cordaticaris

里拉琴虫与叶足动物的分类^[11][编辑]

埃谢栉蚕 Aysheaia

	美丽尖山叶足虫 Jianshanopodia decora

	海口大网虫（英语：Megadictyon）

Megadictyon cf. haikouensis

凶猛爪网虫 Onychodictyon ferox

奥尔斯瓦尔德异虫（英语：Xenusion） Xenusion auerswaldae

仙人掌滇虫（英语：Diania） Diania cactiformis

纤细爪网虫 Onychodictyon gracilis

贫腿虫属 Paucipodia inermis

中华微纲虫（英语：Microdictyon） Microdictyon sinicum

链状心网虫 Cardiodictyon catenulum

广卫怪诞虫 Hallucigenia hongmeia

	线刺环虫（英语：Acinocricus） Acinocricus stichus

	多毛柯林斯虫属 Collinsovermis

	多毛柯林斯虫（英语：Collinsium ciliosum） Collinsium ciliosum

	长足啰哩山虫 Luolishania longicruris

	稀有怪诞虫 Hallucigenia sparsa

	强壮怪诞虫 Hallucigenia fortis

	有关有爪动物的叶足动物类群

缓步动物门 Tardigrada

奥古斯鹿角虫 Hadranax augustus

克尔凯郭宣扬爪虫 Kerygmachela kierkegaardi

惠廷顿厌恶虫（英语：Pambdelurion） Pambdelurion whittingtoni

里拉琴虫属 Lyrarapax（放射齿目的底下）

	皇室欧巴宾海蝎 Opabinia regalis

	次足类（英语：Deuteropoda） Deuteropoda

参考文献[编辑]

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Cong, C; Ma, M; Hou, H; Edgecombe, E; Strausfeld, S. Brain structure resolves the segmental affinity of anomalocaridid appendages (project). MorphoBank datasets. 2015 [2023-10-14]. （原始内容存档于2023-11-01）.
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 Cong, Peiyun; Daley, Allison C.; Edgecombe, Gregory D.; Hou, Xianguang; Chen, Ailin. Morphology of the radiodontan Lyrarapax from the early Cambrian Chengjiang biota. Journal of Paleontology. 2016-07, 90 (4) [2023-10-14]. ISSN 0022-3360. doi:10.1017/jpa.2016.67. （原始内容存档于2023-11-01）.
^ Pates, Stephen; Daley, Allison C.; Butterfield, Nicholas J. First report of paired ventral endites in a hurdiid radiodont. Zoological Letters. 2019-06-11, 5 (1): 18. ISSN 2056-306X. PMC 6560863 . PMID 31210962. doi:10.1186/s40851-019-0132-4 （英语）.
^ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 Edgecombe, Gregory D.; Ma, Xiaoya; Strausfeld, Nicholas J. Unlocking the early fossil record of the arthropod central nervous system. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 2015-12-19, 370 (1684). ISSN 0962-8436. doi:10.1098/rstb.2015.0038.
^ Park, Tae-Yoon S.; Kihm, Ji-Hoon; Woo, Jusun; Park, Changkun; Lee, Won Young; Smith, M. Paul; Harper, David A. T.; Young, Fletcher; Nielsen, Arne T.; Vinther, Jakob. Brain and eyes of Kerygmachela reveal protocerebral ancestry of the panarthropod head. Nature Communications. 2018-03-09, 9 (1). ISSN 2041-1723. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-03464-w.
^ Pates, Stephen; Botting, Joseph P.; McCobb, Lucy M. E.; Muir, Lucy A. A miniature Ordovician hurdiid from Wales demonstrates the adaptability of Radiodonta. Royal Society Open Science. 2020-06, 7 (6) [2023-12-02]. ISSN 2054-5703. PMC 7353989 . PMID 32742697. doi:10.1098/rsos.200459. （原始内容存档于2022-10-25）（英语）.
^ ^7.0 ^7.1 Paterson, John R.; Edgecombe, Gregory D.; García-Bellido, Diego C. Disparate compound eyes of Cambrian radiodonts reveal their developmental growth mode and diverse visual ecology. Science Advances. 2020-12-04, 6 (49). ISSN 2375-2548. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abc6721.
^ Liu, Jianni; Lerosey-Aubril, Rudy; Steiner, Michael; Dunlop, Jason A; Shu, Degan; Paterson, John R. Origin of raptorial feeding in juvenile euarthropods revealed by a Cambrian radiodontan. National Science Review. 2018-06-01, 5 (6). ISSN 2095-5138. doi:10.1093/nsr/nwy057.
^ Origin of raptorial feeding in juvenile euarthropods revealed by a Cambrian radiodontanSUPPLEMENTAL TEXT Jianni Liu, Rudy Lerosey-Aubril, Michael Steiner, Jason A. Dunlop, Degan Shu & John R. Paterson
^ Moysiuk, Joseph; Caron, Jean-Bernard. A three-eyed radiodont with fossilized neuroanatomy informs the origin of the arthropod head and segmentation. Current Biology. 2022-08, 32 (15). ISSN 0960-9822. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2022.06.027.
^ Yang, Jie; Ortega-Hernández, Javier; Butterfield, Nicholas J.; Liu, Yu; Boyan, George S.; Hou, Jin-bo; Lan, Tian; Zhang, Xi-guang. Fuxianhuiid ventral nerve cord and early nervous system evolution in Panarthropoda. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2016-03, 113 (11). ISSN 0027-8424. doi:10.1073/pnas.1522434113.

[:0-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Cong, C; Ma, M; Hou, H; Edgecombe, E; Strausfeld, S. Brain structure resolves the segmental affinity of anomalocaridid appendages (project). MorphoBank datasets. 2015 [2023-10-14]. （原始内容存档于2023-11-01）.

[:1-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Cong, Peiyun; Daley, Allison C.; Edgecombe, Gregory D.; Hou, Xianguang; Chen, Ailin. Morphology of the radiodontan Lyrarapax from the early Cambrian Chengjiang biota. Journal of Paleontology. 2016-07, 90 (4) [2023-10-14]. ISSN 0022-3360. doi:10.1017/jpa.2016.67. （原始内容存档于2023-11-01）.

[3] Pates, Stephen; Daley, Allison C.; Butterfield, Nicholas J. First report of paired ventral endites in a hurdiid radiodont. Zoological Letters. 2019-06-11, 5 (1): 18. ISSN 2056-306X. PMC 6560863 . PMID 31210962. doi:10.1186/s40851-019-0132-4 （英语）.

[:2-4] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 Edgecombe, Gregory D.; Ma, Xiaoya; Strausfeld, Nicholas J. Unlocking the early fossil record of the arthropod central nervous system. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 2015-12-19, 370 (1684). ISSN 0962-8436. doi:10.1098/rstb.2015.0038.

[5] Park, Tae-Yoon S.; Kihm, Ji-Hoon; Woo, Jusun; Park, Changkun; Lee, Won Young; Smith, M. Paul; Harper, David A. T.; Young, Fletcher; Nielsen, Arne T.; Vinther, Jakob. Brain and eyes of Kerygmachela reveal protocerebral ancestry of the panarthropod head. Nature Communications. 2018-03-09, 9 (1). ISSN 2041-1723. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-03464-w.

[6] Pates, Stephen; Botting, Joseph P.; McCobb, Lucy M. E.; Muir, Lucy A. A miniature Ordovician hurdiid from Wales demonstrates the adaptability of Radiodonta. Royal Society Open Science. 2020-06, 7 (6) [2023-12-02]. ISSN 2054-5703. PMC 7353989 . PMID 32742697. doi:10.1098/rsos.200459. （原始内容存档于2022-10-25）（英语）.

[:3-7] 7.0 ^7.1 Paterson, John R.; Edgecombe, Gregory D.; García-Bellido, Diego C. Disparate compound eyes of Cambrian radiodonts reveal their developmental growth mode and diverse visual ecology. Science Advances. 2020-12-04, 6 (49). ISSN 2375-2548. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abc6721.

[8] Liu, Jianni; Lerosey-Aubril, Rudy; Steiner, Michael; Dunlop, Jason A; Shu, Degan; Paterson, John R. Origin of raptorial feeding in juvenile euarthropods revealed by a Cambrian radiodontan. National Science Review. 2018-06-01, 5 (6). ISSN 2095-5138. doi:10.1093/nsr/nwy057.

[9] Origin of raptorial feeding in juvenile euarthropods revealed by a Cambrian radiodontanSUPPLEMENTAL TEXT Jianni Liu, Rudy Lerosey-Aubril, Michael Steiner, Jason A. Dunlop, Degan Shu & John R. Paterson

[10] Moysiuk, Joseph; Caron, Jean-Bernard. A three-eyed radiodont with fossilized neuroanatomy informs the origin of the arthropod head and segmentation. Current Biology. 2022-08, 32 (15). ISSN 0960-9822. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2022.06.027.

[11] Yang, Jie; Ortega-Hernández, Javier; Butterfield, Nicholas J.; Liu, Yu; Boyan, George S.; Hou, Jin-bo; Lan, Tian; Zhang, Xi-guang. Fuxianhuiid ventral nerve cord and early nervous system evolution in Panarthropoda. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2016-03, 113 (11). ISSN 0027-8424. doi:10.1073/pnas.1522434113.

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