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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geodesic_dome

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蒙特婁生物圈,前身為 第 67 屆世博會 美國館,由 R. Buckminster Fuller 設計,位於聖海倫島蒙特婁魁北克

"網格穹頂",或稱"网格球顶"或"测地线圆顶",是根據球面多面體半球形薄殼結構(晶格殼)。圓頂的三角形元件在結構上是剛性的,並將結構應力分佈在整個結構中,使得測地圓頂能夠承受相對其尺寸非常重的負載。

歷史[编辑]

第一個網格穹頂是在第一次世界大戰之後由蔡司光学公司的工程师Walther Bauersfeld設計的,負責建造 天文館 來容納他的天象儀投影機。[1]最初的小圓頂由“Dykerhoff”和“Wydmann”公司在德國耶拿的蔡司光学公司屋頂上建造並獲得專利。一个名为“耶拿的奇迹”的大圆顶于1926年7月向公众开放。[2]

二十年後,Buckminster Fuller於1948年和1949年與藝術家Kenneth Snelson黑山學院 進行實地實驗,創造了“geodesic”一詞。雖然富勒不是最初的發明者,但他是他因這一想法在美國的普及而受到讚譽,並於1954年6月29日獲得了美國專利第2,682,235A号[3]現存最古老的圓頂由富勒親自建造,位於馬薩諸塞州伍茲霍爾,由他指導的學生於 1953 年用了三個星期的時間建造而成。[4]

網格穹頂之所以吸引富勒,是因為它的重量非常堅固,其“全三角”表面提供了固有的穩定結構,並且因為球體以最小的表面積包圍了最大的體積。

該穹頂被成功地用於特殊用途,例如1956 年在加拿大建造的21個遠程預警線穹頂,1958年聯合坦克汽車公司穹頂,由“Synergetics,Inc.”的“Thomas C. Howard”和專業設計諸如Kaiser Aluminium穹頂(在美國許多地方建造,例如弗吉尼亞州弗吉尼亞海灘 ),禮堂,天氣觀測台和儲存設施等建築物。 [5]

從1954年開始,美國海軍陸戰隊嘗試使用直升機進行測地穹頂運輸。一個30英尺的木質和塑膠測地線穹頂被直升機以50節的速度升起並運送,沒有損壞。測試包括組裝實踐,以前未經訓練的海軍陸戰隊員能夠在2小時25分鐘內組裝一個30英尺的镁合金穹頂,直升機起飛航空母艦,並進行耐久性測試,其中錨定穹頂成功承受了一天120英里/小時120 mph(190 km/h)錨定飛機的雙3000馬力發動機的螺旋槳爆炸無損壞。[6]

1958 年位於俄克拉荷馬州俄克拉荷馬城的Gold Dome採用了富勒的設計,用作銀行大樓。另一個早期的例子是建於1962年聖母大學Stepan Center[7]

1964 年在紐約市穹頂作為舉行的世界博覽會的展館而被介紹給更廣泛的觀眾,由“Synergetics,Inc.”的“Thomas C.Howard”設計。這個圓頂現在被用作鳥舍位於法拉盛草原可樂娜公園的皇后區動物園,由“Synergetics,Inc.”的“Thomas C.Howard”重新設計。

另一個穹頂來自蒙特婁世界博覽會1967年世界博覽會,它是美國館的一部分。 該結構的覆蓋物後來被燒毀,但結構本身仍然存在,並以生物圈的名義,目前設有一個關於聖勞倫斯河的解博物館

在 1970 年代,“Zomeworks” 授權了基於其他幾何實體的結構平面圖,例如“約翰遜實體”、“阿基米德實體”和“加泰隆尼亞實體”。這些結構可能具有一些不是三角形的面,而是正方形或其他多邊形。[8]

1975 年,阿蒙森-斯科特南極站 建造了一個穹頂,其抗雪和抗風荷載的能力非常重要。

On October 1, 1982, one of the most famous geodesic domes, Spaceship Earth at Epcot in Walt Disney World Resort in Bay Lake, Florida, just outside of Orlando opened. The building and the ride inside of it are named with one of Buckminster Fuller's famous terms, Spaceship Earth, a world view expressing concern over the use of limited resources available on Earth and encouraging everyone on it to act as a harmonious crew working toward the greater good. The building is Epcot's icon, representing the entire park.

For the 1986 World's Fair (Expo 86), held in Vancouver, a Buckminster Fuller inspired Geodesic dome was designed by the Expo's chief architect Bruno Freschi to serve as the fair's Expo Centre. Construction began in 1984 and was completed by early 1985. The dome and the building now serve as an Arts, Science and Technology center, and has been named Science World.[9]

2000 年,世界上第一家完全永續的測地穹頂飯店“EcoCamp Patagonia”在智利巴塔哥尼亞Kawésqar 國家公園建成, 該酒店於隔年於2001年開業。酒店的穹頂設計是抵禦該地區強風的關鍵,並以土著Kaweskar居民的住宅為基礎。Geodomes 作為一種(迷人的露營)單位也越來越受歡迎。[10]

施工方法[编辑]

長島綠色圓頂

木製圓頂上鑽有一個支撐寬度的孔。不銹鋼帶將支柱的孔鎖定到鋼管上。透過這種方法,可以將支柱切割成所需的精確長度。然後將三角形的外部膠合板釘在支柱上。圓頂從下到上用幾層焦油紙包裹起來,以防水,並用木瓦完成。這種類型的圓頂通常稱為輪轂和支柱圓頂,因為使用鋼輪轂將支柱連接在一起。

鑲板圓頂由單獨框架的木材建造,表面覆蓋膠合板。組成三角形框架的三個構件通常以複合角度切割,以提供各個三角形的平坦配合。在精確的位置在構件上鑽孔,然後用鋼螺栓連接三角形以形成圓頂。這些構件通常為 2x4 或 2x6,從而可以在三角形內容納更多的隔熱。鑲板技術允許建築商將膠合板表皮連接到三角形上,同時在地面上或在舒適的商店中安全地工作,不受天氣影響。這種方法不需要昂貴的鋼輪圈。

鋼框架可以很容易地用錏管建造。一種方法是壓平支柱的末端並按所需的長度鑽螺栓孔。單一螺栓固定支柱的頂點。螺帽通常設置為可拆卸的鎖定化合物,或者如果圓頂是便攜式的,則具有帶開口銷齒形螺母。。

圓頂也可以用輕質鋁框架建造,該框架可以透過螺栓連接或焊接在一起,也可以透過更靈活的節點連接來連接。這些圓頂通常覆蓋有玻璃、或用「PVC」固定到位,可以用矽膠密封以使其防水。有些設計允許將雙層玻璃或隔熱板固定在框架中。

混凝土和泡沫塑膠圓頂通常以鋼框架穹頂開始,並用鐵絲網包裹以進行加固用紮帶綁在框架上。然後將一層材料噴塗或模製到框架上。應使用小方塊進行測試,以達到混凝土或塑膠的正確稠度。一般來說,內部和外部都需要塗幾層。最後一步是用一層薄薄的環氧樹脂化合物浸透混凝土或聚酯圓頂以防水。

一些混凝土圓頂是由預製、預力鋼筋混凝土板建造而成,可以用螺栓固定到位。螺栓位於凸起的容器內,容器上覆蓋著小混凝土蓋以防水。三角形重疊以排水。這種方法中的三角形可以用沙子和木紋模製成型,但混凝土三角形通常很重,必須用起重機來放置。這種結構非常適合圓頂,因為任何地方都不允許水積聚在混凝土上並滲漏。金屬緊固件、接頭和內部鋼框架保持乾燥,防止霜凍和腐蝕損壞。混凝土能抵抗陽光和風化。必須在接縫處放置某種形式的內部防水板或填縫劑以防止氣流。1963 年的 「Cinerama Dome」由預製混凝土六邊形和五邊形建造而成。

現在可以使用非常大的行動「3D列印機」高速列印圓頂。材料通常是空氣噴射混凝土或是聚胺酯輕質發泡隔熱材料。

鑑於測地圓頂的複雜幾何形狀,圓頂建造者依賴支柱長度表或是「和弦因素」。

圓頂住宅[编辑]

富勒希望網格穹頂能幫助解決戰後的住房危機。 這與他之前對兩個版本的Dymaxion House的希望是一致的。

住宅不如用於工作或娛樂的圓頂成功,主要是因為其複雜性和隨之而來的更高的建築成本。經驗豐富的專業圓頂承包商雖然很難找到,但確實存在,並且可以消除與錯誤啟動和錯誤估計相關的大部分成本超支。富勒本人住在伊利諾伊州卡本代爾的網格穹頂裡,位於「森林大道」和「櫻桃街」的拐角處。[11]富勒認為住宅圓頂是由航空航太產業製造的可空運的產品。富勒自己的圓頂住宅仍然存在,R. Buckminster Fuller 和 Anne Hewlett Dome Home 以及一個名為 RBF Dome NFP 的組織正在嘗試修復圓頂並將其註冊為 國家歷史名勝。它位於國家歷史名勝名錄

1986 年,佛羅裡達州 Rockledge 的 American Ingenuity 公司獲得了一項圓頂建築技術專利,該技術涉及將聚苯乙烯三角形層壓到外部鋼筋混凝土上,內部使用牆板。 該建築技術允許圓頂以套件形式預製並由房主安裝。 這種方法使接縫成為結構中最堅固的部分,而接縫,尤其是大多數木框架圓頂中的輪轂是結構中最薄弱的部分。 它還具有不漏水的優點。

Other examples have been built in Europe. In 2012, an aluminium and glass dome was used as a dome cover to an eco home in Norway[12] and in 2013 a glass and wood clad dome home was built in Austria.[13]

In Chile, examples of geodesic domes are being readily adopted for hotel accommodations either as tented style geodesic domes or glass-covered domes. Examples: EcoCamp Patagonia, Chile;[14] and Elqui Domos, Chile.[15]

缺點[编辑]

Buckminster Fuller's own home, undergoing restoration after deterioration.

Although dome homes enjoyed a ripple of popularity in the late 1960s and early 1970s, as a housing system, the dome has many disadvantages and problems. A former proponent of dome homes, Lloyd Kahn, who wrote two books about them (Domebook 1 and Domebook 2) and founded Shelter Publications, became disillusioned with them, calling them "smart but not wise". He noted the following disadvantages, which he has listed on his company's website: Off-the-shelf building materials (e.g., plywood, strand board) normally come in rectangular shapes, therefore some material may have to be scrapped after cutting rectangles down to triangles, increasing the cost of construction. Fire escapes are problematic; codes require them for larger structures, and they are expensive. Windows conforming to code can cost anywhere from five to fifteen times as much as windows in conventional houses. Professional electrical wiring costs more because of increased labor time. Even owner-wired situations are costly, because more of certain materials are required for dome construction. Expansion and partitioning is also difficult. Kahn notes that domes are difficult if not impossible to build with natural materials, generally requiring plastics, etc., which are polluting and deteriorate in sunlight.

Air stratification and moisture distribution within a dome are unusual. The conditions tend to quickly degrade wooden framing or interior paneling.

Privacy is difficult to guarantee because a dome is difficult to partition satisfactorily. Sounds, smells, and even reflected light tend to be conveyed through the entire structure.

As with any curved shape, the dome produces wall areas that can be difficult to use and leaves some peripheral floor area with restricted use due to lack of headroom. Circular plan shapes lack the simple modularity provided by rectangles. Furnishers and fitters design with flat surfaces in mind. Placing a standard sofa against an exterior wall (for example) results in a crescent behind the sofa being wasted.

Dome builders using cut-board sheathing material (common in the 1960s and 1970s) find it hard to seal domes against rain, because of their many seams. Also, these seams may be stressed because ordinary solar heat flexes the entire structure each day as the sun moves across the sky. Subsequent addition of straps and interior flexible drywall finishes has virtually eliminated this movement being noticed in the interior finishes.

The most effective waterproofing method with a wooden dome is to shingle the dome. Peaked caps at the top of the dome, or to modify the dome shapes are used where slope is insufficient for ice barrier. One-piece reinforced concrete or plastic domes are also in use, and some domes have been constructed from plastic or waxed cardboard triangles that are overlapped in such a way as to shed water.

Buckminster Fuller's former student J. Baldwin insisted that no reason exists for a properly designed, well-constructed dome to leak, and that some designs 'cannot' leak.[16]

最大的網格穹頂結構[编辑]

圓頂是建築的自支撐結構元素,類似球體的中空上半部 。

According to Guinness World Records, as of May 30, 2021,[17] the Jeddah Super Dome, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia (21°44′59″N 39°09′06″E / 21.7496403°N 39.1516230°E / 21.7496403; 39.1516230), 210米(690英尺) is the current largest geodesic dome.

According to the Buckminster Fuller Institute in 2010,[18] the world's 10 largest geodesic domes by diameter at that time were:

The Fuller Institute list is now dated. Several important domes missed or built later are now in the top 10. Currently, many geodesic domes are larger than 113米(371英尺) in diameter.[21]

相關條目[编辑]

參考來源[编辑]

引用[编辑]

  1. ^ First Geodesic Dome: Planetarium in Jena 1922 incl. patent information 互联网档案馆存檔,存档日期March 19, 2013,.
  2. ^ Zeiss-Planetarium Jena: Geschichte. Planetarium-jena.de. [2015-08-30]. (原始内容存档于2015-08-31). 
  3. ^ For a more detailed historical account, see the chapter "Geodesics, Domes, and Spacetime" in Tony Rothman's book Science à la Mode, Princeton University Press, 1989.
  4. ^ The Woods Hole Dome. [2019-07-02]. (原始内容存档于2 July 2019). 
  5. ^ Audio interview with Bernard Kirschenbaum on DEW Line domes. Bernardkirschenbaum.com. [2010-10-17]. 
  6. ^ Fuller, R. Buckminster; Marks, Robert. The Dymaxion World of Buckminster Fuller. Anchor Books. 1973: 203. ISBN 0-385-01804-5. 
  7. ^ Archives, Notre Dame. Mid-Century Modern. Notre Dame Archives News & Notes. 17 September 2010 [15 July 2019]. 
  8. ^ Geodesic domes are most often based on Platonic solids, particularly the icosahedron.
  9. ^ Science World – OMNIMAX Theatre – OMNIMAX Facts 互联网档案馆存檔,存档日期2006-06-26.
  10. ^ EcoCamp, the world's first geodesic dome hotel. domerama.com. [2 February 2022]. (原始内容存档于15 February 2013). 
  11. ^ Carbondale, Illinois, Forest and Cherry. Google Maps. [2010-10-17]. 
  12. ^ naturhuset - Vi skal bygge et Naturhus og en selvforsynende hage pĺ Sandhornřya i Nordland. Prosjektet er sterkt inspirert av arkitekt Bengt Warne, den russiske Bokserien The Ringing Cedars series og vĺr inderlige kjćrlighet og dype respekt for Moder Jord. Naturhuset.blogg.no. [2015-08-30]. 
  13. ^ KristallSalzWelt 互联网档案馆存檔,存档日期2016-03-04.
  14. ^ EcoCamp Patagonia Domes » EcoCamp Patagonia. Ecocamp.travel. [2015-08-30]. 
  15. ^ [1] 互联网档案馆存檔,存档日期July 21, 2013,.
  16. ^ (Bucky Works: Buckminster Fuller's Ideas for Today)
  17. ^ World's largest geodesic dome. www.guinnessworldrecords.com. 
  18. ^ 18.0 18.1 18.2 World's 10 Largest Domes. Buckminster Fuller Institute. (原始内容存档于April 12, 2010). 
  19. ^ Superior Dome | Wildcat Athletics at Northern Michigan University. Webb.nmu.edu. [2010-10-17]. 
  20. ^ WWSI. Western Wood Structures, Inc. - Glulam Beams, Arches and Bridges. Westernwoodstructures.com. [2010-10-17]. 
  21. ^ 21.0 21.1 Domes of over 100m. geometrica.com. [2019-05-04]. 
  22. ^ Postwar developments in long-span construction. britannica.com. [2017-06-07]. 
  23. ^ The Largest Storage Dome in South America. geometrica.com. [2017-06-07]. 

書目[编辑]

外部鏈接[编辑]