Template:Infobox drug/testcases

**Infobox drug/testcases**
组成
amphetamine aspartate monohydrate	25% – stimulant; (12.5% levo; 12.5% dextro)
amphetamine sulfate	25% – stimulant; (12.5% levo; 12.5% dextro)
dextroamphetamine saccharate	25% – stimulant; (0% levo; 25% dextro)
dextroamphetamine sulfate	25% – stimulant; (0% levo; 25% dextro)
臨床資料
商品名（英语：Drug nomenclature）	Adderall, Adderall XR, Mydayis
AHFS/Drugs.com	Monograph
MedlinePlus	a601234
核准狀況	美 FDA: Adderall;
依賴性	Physical: none; Psychological: moderate
成癮性	Moderate
给药途径	Oral, insufflation, rectal, sublingual
ATC碼	N06BA02 (WHO) N06BA01;
法律規範狀態
法律規範	澳：受管控（S8）; 加：Schedule I; 德：Anlage III; NZ：Class B; 英：Class B; 美：附表II; UN：Psychotropic Schedule II;
识别信息
CAS号	300-62-9（51-64-9）
PubChem CID	3007;
IUPHAR/BPS	4804;
DrugBank	DB00182 ;
ChemSpider	13852819 ;
KEGG	D03740 ;
ChEBI	CHEBI:2679 ;
ChEMBL	ChEMBL405 ;
化学信息
摩尔质量	135.20622 g/mol
手性	Racemic mixture
密度	.936 g/cm3 at 25 °C
熔点	11.3 °C（52.3 °F） (predicted)
沸点	203 °C（397 °F） at 760 mmHg

**β-羟基β-甲基丁酸**
	上方：β-羟基β-甲基丁酸; 下方：β-羟基β-甲基丁酸根
疫苗说明
种类	灭活
臨床資料
其他名稱	Conjugate acid form:; β-hydroxyisovaleric acid; 3-hydroxyisovaleric acid; Conjugate base form:; hydroxymethylbutyrate
给药途径	By mouth or nasogastric
ATC碼	未分配;
法律規範狀態
法律規範	美：OTC; UN：未列入管制;
藥物動力學數據
代謝產物	HMB-CoA, HMG-CoA, mevalonate, cholesterol, acetyl-CoA, acetoacetate, β-hydroxybutyrate
藥效起始時間（英语：Onset of action）	HMB-FA: 30–60 minutes; HMB-Ca: 1–2 hours
生物半衰期	HMB-FA: 3 hours; HMB-Ca: 2.5 hours
排泄途徑	Renal (10–40% excreted)
识别信息
CAS号	625-08-1
PubChem CID	69362;
ChemSpider	62571 ;
UNII	3F752311CD;
KEGG	C20827 ;
ChEBI	CHEBI:37084 ;
化学信息
化学式	C5H10O3
摩尔质量	118.13 g·mol−1
3D模型（JSmol（英语：JSmol））	交互式图像;
密度	~1.1 g/cm3 at 20 °C
熔点	−80 °C（−112 °F） (glass)
沸点	128 °C（262 °F） at 7 mmHg
	SMILES CC(C)(CC(=O)O)O;
	InChI InChI=1S/C5H10O3/c1-5(2,8)3-4(6)7/h8H,3H2,1-2H3,(H,6,7) ; Key:AXFYFNCPONWUHW-UHFFFAOYSA-N ;

**β-羟基β-甲基丁酸**
	上方：β-羟基β-甲基丁酸; 下方：β-羟基β-甲基丁酸根
单克隆抗体
种类	完整抗体
臨床資料
其他名稱	Conjugate acid form:; β-hydroxyisovaleric acid; 3-hydroxyisovaleric acid; Conjugate base form:; hydroxymethylbutyrate
给药途径	By mouth or nasogastric
ATC碼	未分配;
法律規範狀態
法律規範	美：OTC; UN：未列入管制;
藥物動力學數據
代謝產物	HMB-CoA, HMG-CoA, mevalonate, cholesterol, acetyl-CoA, acetoacetate, β-hydroxybutyrate
藥效起始時間（英语：Onset of action）	HMB-FA: 30–60 minutes; HMB-Ca: 1–2 hours
生物半衰期	HMB-FA: 3 hours; HMB-Ca: 2.5 hours
排泄途徑	Renal (10–40% excreted)
识别信息
CAS号	625-08-1
PubChem CID	69362;
ChemSpider	62571 ;
UNII	3F752311CD;
KEGG	C20827 ;
ChEBI	CHEBI:37084 ;
化学信息
化学式	C5H10O3
摩尔质量	118.13 g·mol−1
3D模型（JSmol（英语：JSmol））	交互式图像;
密度	~1.1 g/cm3 at 20 °C
熔点	−80 °C（−112 °F） (glass)
沸点	128 °C（262 °F） at 7 mmHg
	SMILES CC(C)(CC(=O)O)O;
	InChI InChI=1S/C5H10O3/c1-5(2,8)3-4(6)7/h8H,3H2,1-2H3,(H,6,7) ; Key:AXFYFNCPONWUHW-UHFFFAOYSA-N ;

Type=MAB[编辑]

Type=Vaccine[编辑]

Type=Combo (en:Adderall drugbox)[编辑]

Amphetamine - English WP drugbox[编辑]

Infobox drug/testcases
INN： Amfetamine
臨床資料


读音	ⁱ/æmˈfɛtəmiːn/
商品名（英语：Drug nomenclature）	Adderall, Adzenys XR-ODT, Dyanavel XR, Evekeo, others
其他名稱	α-methylphenethylamine
AHFS/Drugs.com	amphetamine
依賴性	Physical: none^[14] Psychological: moderate^[8]
成癮性	Moderate
给药途径	Medical: oral, intravenous^[15] Recreational: oral, insufflation, rectal, intravenous, intramuscular
藥物類別（英语：Drug class）	CNS stimulant
ATC碼	N06BA01 (WHO)
法律規範狀態
法律規範	澳：受管控（S8）加：Schedule I 德：Anlage III NZ：Class B 英：Class B 美：附表II UN：Psychotropic Schedule II
藥物動力學數據
生物利用度	Oral: 75–100%^[16]
血漿蛋白結合率	15–40%^[17]
药物代谢	CYP2D6,^[18] DBH,^[26]^[27] FMO3^[26]^[28]^[29]
代謝產物	4-hydroxyamphetamine, 4-hydroxynorephedrine, 4-hydroxyphenylacetone, benzoic acid, hippuric acid, norephedrine, phenylacetone^[18]^[19]
藥效起始時間（英语：Onset of action）	IR dosing: 30–60 minutes^[20] XR dosing: 1.5–2 hours^[21]^[22]
生物半衰期	D-amph: 9–11 hours^[18]^[23] L-amph: 11–14 hours^[18]^[23] pH-dependent: 7–34 hours^[24]
作用時間	IR dosing: 3–6 hours^[8]^[21]^[25] XR dosing: 8–12 hours^[8]^[21]^[25]
排泄途徑	Primarily renal; pH-dependent range: 1–75%^[18]
识别信息
IUPAC命名法 (RS)-1-phenylpropan-2-amine
CAS号	300-62-9 ^Y
PubChem CID	3007
IUPHAR/BPS	4804
DrugBank	DB00182^Y
ChemSpider	13852819^Y
UNII	CK833KGX7E
KEGG	D07445^Y
ChEBI	CHEBI:2679^Y
ChEMBL	ChEMBL405^Y
NIAID ChemDB	018564
化学信息
化学式	C₉H₁₃N
摩尔质量	135.20622 g/mol^[9]
3D模型（JSmol（英语：JSmol））	交互式图像
手性	Racemic mixture^[10]
密度	.936 g/cm³ at 25 °C^[11]
熔点	11.3 °C（52.3 °F） (predicted)^[12]
沸点	203 °C（397 °F） at 760 mmHg^[13]
SMILES NC(CC1=CC=CC=C1)C
InChI InChI=1S/C9H13N/c1-8(10)7-9-5-3-2-4-6-9/h2-6,8H,7,10H2,1H3^Y Key:KWTSXDURSIMDCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N^Y

Reflist[编辑]

延伸內容

^ ^1.00 ^1.01 ^1.02 ^1.03 ^1.04 ^1.05 ^1.06 ^1.07 ^1.08 ^1.09 ^1.10 ^1.11 Wilson JM, Fitschen PJ, Campbell B, Wilson GJ, Zanchi N, Taylor L, Wilborn C, Kalman DS, Stout JR, Hoffman JR, Ziegenfuss TN, Lopez HL, Kreider RB, Smith-Ryan AE, Antonio J. International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB). Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. February 2013, 10 (1): 6. PMC 3568064 . PMID 23374455. doi:10.1186/1550-2783-10-6. The [International Society of Sports Nutrition] has concluded the following. 1. HMB can be used to enhance recovery by attenuating exercise induced skeletal muscle damage in trained and untrained populations. ... 4. Thirty-eight mg·kg·BM⁻¹ daily of HMB has been demonstrated to enhance skeletal muscle hypertrophy, strength, and power in untrained and trained populations when the appropriate exercise prescription is utilized. ... 8. HMB’s mechanisms of action include an inhibition and increase of proteolysis and protein synthesis, respectively. 9. Chronic consumption of HMB is safe in both young and old populations.
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 Product Information: Ensure Enlive Advanced Therapeutic Nutrition Shake (PDF). Abbott Nutrition. 9 August 2016 [22 August 2016]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于12 October 2016）.
· Use under medical supervision.
· HMB + protein for muscle health.

Product Information: Juven (PDF). Abbott Nutrition. 7 May 2016 [22 August 2016]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于12 October 2016）.
· Administer orally or as a modular via feeding tube ...
· Use under medical supervision.
· Nutravigor® (CaHMB, calcium β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate)
^ ^3.0 ^3.1 Zanchi NE, Gerlinger-Romero F, Guimarães-Ferreira L, de Siqueira Filho MA, Felitti V, Lira FS, Seelaender M, Lancha AH. HMB supplementation: clinical and athletic performance-related effects and mechanisms of action. Amino Acids. April 2011, 40 (4): 1015–1025. PMID 20607321. doi:10.1007/s00726-010-0678-0. HMB is a metabolite of the amino acid leucine (Van Koverin and Nissen 1992), an essential amino acid. The first step in HMB metabolism is the reversible transamination of leucine to [α-KIC] that occurs mainly extrahepatically (Block and Buse 1990). Following this enzymatic reaction, [α-KIC] may follow one of two pathways. In the first, HMB is produced from [α-KIC] by the cytosolic enzyme KIC dioxygenase (Sabourin and Bieber 1983). The cytosolic dioxygenase has been characterized extensively and differs from the mitochondrial form in that the dioxygenase enzyme is a cytosolic enzyme, whereas the dehydrogenase enzyme is found exclusively in the mitochondrion (Sabourin and Bieber 1981, 1983). Importantly, this route of HMB formation is direct and completely dependent of liver KIC dioxygenase. Following this pathway, HMB in the cytosol is first converted to cytosolic β-hydroxy-β-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA), which can then be directed for cholesterol synthesis (Rudney 1957) (Fig. 1). In fact, numerous biochemical studies have shown that HMB is a precursor of cholesterol (Zabin and Bloch 1951; Nissen et al. 2000).
^ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 Safety data sheet: 3-Hydroxy-3-methyl butyric acid. Alfa Aesar. 23 March 2005 [9 November 2016]. （原始内容存档于17 September 2016）.
^ ^5.0 ^5.1 Coffman DD, Cramer R, Mochel WE. Syntheses by Free-radical Reactions. V. A New Synthesis of Carboxylic Acids. Journal of the American Chemical Society. June 1958, 80 (11): 2882–2887. doi:10.1021/ja01544a072.
^ ^6.0 ^6.1 3-OH-isovaleric acid. ChemSpider. Royal Society of Chemistry. 2015 [10 August 2016]. （原始内容存档于11 August 2016）. Experimental Boiling Point: ... 128 °C / 7 mm ...
Experimental solubility:
Soluble in water
^ Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE. Chapter 15: Reinforcement and Addictive Disorders. Sydor A, Brown RY (编). Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience 2nd. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. 2009: 367. ISBN 9780071481274. While physical dependence and withdrawal occur with some drugs of abuse (opiates, ethanol), these phenomena are not useful in the diagnosis of addiction because they do not occur with other drugs of abuse (cocaine, amphetamine) and can occur with many drugs that are not abused (propranolol, clonidine).
^ ^8.0 ^8.1 ^8.2 ^8.3 引证错误：没有为名为Stahl's Essential Psychopharmacology的参考文献提供内容
^ ^9.0 ^9.1 引证错误：没有为名为PubChem Header的参考文献提供内容
^ ^10.0 ^10.1 引证错误：没有为名为Proper definition的参考文献提供内容
^ ^11.0 ^11.1 Amphetamine. PubChem Compound. United States National Library of Medicine – National Center for Biotechnology Information. 5 November 2016 [9 November 2016]. |section-url=被忽略 (帮助); |section=被忽略 (帮助)
^ ^12.0 ^12.1 Amphetamine. ChemSpider. Royal Society of Chemistry. |section-url=被忽略 (帮助); |section=被忽略 (帮助);
^ ^13.0 ^13.1 引证错误：没有为名为Properties的参考文献提供内容
^ 引证错误：没有为名为NHMH_3e-Physical dependence + psychostimulant addiction treatment的参考文献提供内容
^ 引证错误：没有为名为Amph Uses的参考文献提供内容
^ 引证错误：没有为名为Drugbank-dexamph的参考文献提供内容
^ 引证错误：没有为名为Drugbank-amph的参考文献提供内容
^ ^18.0 ^18.1 ^18.2 ^18.3 ^18.4 引证错误：没有为名为FDA Pharmacokinetics的参考文献提供内容
^ 引证错误：没有为名为Metabolites的参考文献提供内容
^ amphetamine/dextroamphetamine. Medscape. WebMD. Onset of action: 30–60 min |section-url=被忽略 (帮助); |section=被忽略 (帮助);
^ ^21.0 ^21.1 ^21.2 Millichap JG. Chapter 9: Medications for ADHD. Millichap JG (编). Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Handbook: A Physician's Guide to ADHD 2nd. New York, USA: Springer. 2010: 112. ISBN 9781441913968.
Table 9.2 Dextroamphetamine formulations of stimulant medication
Dexedrine [Peak:2–3 h] [Duration:5–6 h] ...
Adderall [Peak:2–3 h] [Duration:5–7 h]
Dexedrine spansules [Peak:7–8 h] [Duration:12 h] ...
Adderall XR [Peak:7–8 h] [Duration:12 h]
Vyvanse [Peak:3–4 h] [Duration:12 h]
^ Brams M, Mao AR, Doyle RL. Onset of efficacy of long-acting psychostimulants in pediatric attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Postgrad. Med. September 2008, 120 (3): 69–88. PMID 18824827. doi:10.3810/pgm.2008.09.1909.
^ ^23.0 ^23.1 Adderall IR Prescribing Information (PDF). United States Food and Drug Administration. Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc.: 1–6. October 2015 [18 May 2016].
^ 引证错误：没有为名为HSDB Toxnet October 2017 Full archived record的参考文献提供内容
^ ^25.0 ^25.1 Mignot EJ. A practical guide to the therapy of narcolepsy and hypersomnia syndromes. Neurotherapeutics. October 2012, 9 (4): 739–752. PMC 3480574 . PMID 23065655. doi:10.1007/s13311-012-0150-9.
^ ^26.0 ^26.1 引证错误：没有为名为Substituted amphetamines, FMO, and DBH的参考文献提供内容
^ 引证错误：没有为名为DBH amph primary的参考文献提供内容
^ 引证错误：没有为名为FMO的参考文献提供内容
^ 引证错误：没有为名为FMO3-Primary的参考文献提供内容

[ISSN_position_stand_2013-1] 1.00 ^1.01 ^1.02 ^1.03 ^1.04 ^1.05 ^1.06 ^1.07 ^1.08 ^1.09 ^1.10 ^1.11 Wilson JM, Fitschen PJ, Campbell B, Wilson GJ, Zanchi N, Taylor L, Wilborn C, Kalman DS, Stout JR, Hoffman JR, Ziegenfuss TN, Lopez HL, Kreider RB, Smith-Ryan AE, Antonio J. International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB). Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. February 2013, 10 (1): 6. PMC 3568064 . PMID 23374455. doi:10.1186/1550-2783-10-6. The [International Society of Sports Nutrition] has concluded the following. 1. HMB can be used to enhance recovery by attenuating exercise induced skeletal muscle damage in trained and untrained populations. ... 4. Thirty-eight mg·kg·BM⁻¹ daily of HMB has been demonstrated to enhance skeletal muscle hypertrophy, strength, and power in untrained and trained populations when the appropriate exercise prescription is utilized. ... 8. HMB’s mechanisms of action include an inhibition and increase of proteolysis and protein synthesis, respectively. 9. Chronic consumption of HMB is safe in both young and old populations.

[Ensure_and_Juven-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Product Information: Ensure Enlive Advanced Therapeutic Nutrition Shake (PDF). Abbott Nutrition. 9 August 2016 [22 August 2016]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于12 October 2016）.
· Use under medical supervision.
· HMB + protein for muscle health.

Product Information: Juven (PDF). Abbott Nutrition. 7 May 2016 [22 August 2016]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于12 October 2016）.
· Administer orally or as a modular via feeding tube ...
· Use under medical supervision.
· Nutravigor® (CaHMB, calcium β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate)

[HMB_athletic_performance-related_effects_2011_review-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Zanchi NE, Gerlinger-Romero F, Guimarães-Ferreira L, de Siqueira Filho MA, Felitti V, Lira FS, Seelaender M, Lancha AH. HMB supplementation: clinical and athletic performance-related effects and mechanisms of action. Amino Acids. April 2011, 40 (4): 1015–1025. PMID 20607321. doi:10.1007/s00726-010-0678-0. HMB is a metabolite of the amino acid leucine (Van Koverin and Nissen 1992), an essential amino acid. The first step in HMB metabolism is the reversible transamination of leucine to [α-KIC] that occurs mainly extrahepatically (Block and Buse 1990). Following this enzymatic reaction, [α-KIC] may follow one of two pathways. In the first, HMB is produced from [α-KIC] by the cytosolic enzyme KIC dioxygenase (Sabourin and Bieber 1983). The cytosolic dioxygenase has been characterized extensively and differs from the mitochondrial form in that the dioxygenase enzyme is a cytosolic enzyme, whereas the dehydrogenase enzyme is found exclusively in the mitochondrion (Sabourin and Bieber 1981, 1983). Importantly, this route of HMB formation is direct and completely dependent of liver KIC dioxygenase. Following this pathway, HMB in the cytosol is first converted to cytosolic β-hydroxy-β-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA), which can then be directed for cholesterol synthesis (Rudney 1957) (Fig. 1). In fact, numerous biochemical studies have shown that HMB is a precursor of cholesterol (Zabin and Bloch 1951; Nissen et al. 2000).

[HMB_MSDS-4] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 Safety data sheet: 3-Hydroxy-3-methyl butyric acid. Alfa Aesar. 23 March 2005 [9 November 2016]. （原始内容存档于17 September 2016）.

[Coffman_1958-5] 5.0 ^5.1 Coffman DD, Cramer R, Mochel WE. Syntheses by Free-radical Reactions. V. A New Synthesis of Carboxylic Acids. Journal of the American Chemical Society. June 1958, 80 (11): 2882–2887. doi:10.1021/ja01544a072.

[ChemSpider-6] 6.0 ^6.1 3-OH-isovaleric acid. ChemSpider. Royal Society of Chemistry. 2015 [10 August 2016]. （原始内容存档于11 August 2016）. Experimental Boiling Point: ... 128 °C / 7 mm ...
Experimental solubility:
Soluble in water

[NHM-physical_dependence-7] Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE. Chapter 15: Reinforcement and Addictive Disorders. Sydor A, Brown RY (编). Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience 2nd. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. 2009: 367. ISBN 9780071481274. While physical dependence and withdrawal occur with some drugs of abuse (opiates, ethanol), these phenomena are not useful in the diagnosis of addiction because they do not occur with other drugs of abuse (cocaine, amphetamine) and can occur with many drugs that are not abused (propranolol, clonidine).

[Stahl's_Essential_Psychopharmacology-8] 8.0 ^8.1 ^8.2 ^8.3 引证错误：没有为名为Stahl's Essential Psychopharmacology的参考文献提供内容

[PubChem_Header-9] 9.0 ^9.1 引证错误：没有为名为PubChem Header的参考文献提供内容

[Proper_definition-10] 10.0 ^10.1 引证错误：没有为名为Proper definition的参考文献提供内容

[PubChem_-_amphetamine_density-11] 11.0 ^11.1 Amphetamine. PubChem Compound. United States National Library of Medicine – National Center for Biotechnology Information. 5 November 2016 [9 November 2016]. |section-url=被忽略 (帮助); |section=被忽略 (帮助)

[Chemspider-12] 12.0 ^12.1 Amphetamine. ChemSpider. Royal Society of Chemistry. |section-url=被忽略 (帮助); |section=被忽略 (帮助);

[Properties-13] 13.0 ^13.1 引证错误：没有为名为Properties的参考文献提供内容

[NHMH_3e-Physical_dependence_+_psychostimulant_addiction_treatment-14] 引证错误：没有为名为NHMH_3e-Physical dependence + psychostimulant addiction treatment的参考文献提供内容

[Amph_Uses-15] 引证错误：没有为名为Amph Uses的参考文献提供内容

[Drugbank-dexamph-16] 引证错误：没有为名为Drugbank-dexamph的参考文献提供内容

[Drugbank-amph-17] 引证错误：没有为名为Drugbank-amph的参考文献提供内容

[FDA_Pharmacokinetics-18] 18.0 ^18.1 ^18.2 ^18.3 ^18.4 引证错误：没有为名为FDA Pharmacokinetics的参考文献提供内容

[Metabolites-19] 引证错误：没有为名为Metabolites的参考文献提供内容

[Medscape_Adderall_Pharmacology-20] tamine/dextroamphetamine. Medscape. WebMD. Onset of action: 30–60 min |section-url=被忽略 (帮助); |section=被忽略 (帮助);

[Millichap:_onset,_peak,_and_duration-21] 21.0 ^21.1 ^21.2 Millichap JG. Chapter 9: Medications for ADHD. Millichap JG (编). Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Handbook: A Physician's Guide to ADHD 2nd. New York, USA: Springer. 2010: 112. ISBN 9781441913968.
Table 9.2 Dextroamphetamine formulations of stimulant medication
Dexedrine [Peak:2–3 h] [Duration:5–6 h] ...
Adderall [Peak:2–3 h] [Duration:5–7 h]
Dexedrine spansules [Peak:7–8 h] [Duration:12 h] ...
Adderall XR [Peak:7–8 h] [Duration:12 h]
Vyvanse [Peak:3–4 h] [Duration:12 h]

[XR_onset-duration-22] Brams M, Mao AR, Doyle RL. Onset of efficacy of long-acting psychostimulants in pediatric attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Postgrad. Med. September 2008, 120 (3): 69–88. PMID 18824827. doi:10.3810/pgm.2008.09.1909.

[Adderall_IR-23] 23.0 ^23.1 Adderall IR Prescribing Information (PDF). United States Food and Drug Administration. Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc.: 1–6. October 2015 [18 May 2016].

[HSDB_Toxnet_October_2017_Full_archived_record-24] 引证错误：没有为名为HSDB Toxnet October 2017 Full archived record的参考文献提供内容

[Narcolepsy_guide-25] 25.0 ^25.1 Mignot EJ. A practical guide to the therapy of narcolepsy and hypersomnia syndromes. Neurotherapeutics. October 2012, 9 (4): 739–752. PMC 3480574 . PMID 23065655. doi:10.1007/s13311-012-0150-9.

[Substituted_amphetamines,_FMO,_and_DBH-26] 26.0 ^26.1 引证错误：没有为名为Substituted amphetamines, FMO, and DBH的参考文献提供内容

[DBH_amph_primary-27] 引证错误：没有为名为DBH amph primary的参考文献提供内容

[FMO-28] 引证错误：没有为名为FMO的参考文献提供内容

[FMO3-Primary-29] 引证错误：没有为名为FMO3-Primary的参考文献提供内容

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