草稿:晚第四紀史前鳥類列表

维基百科，自由的百科全书
  关于a list of birds known only from fossils，请见「List of fossil bird genera」。关于birds that have become extinct since the year 1500，请见「List of extinct bird species since 1500」。

Late Quaternary prehistoric birds are avian taxa that became extinct during the Late Quaternary – the Late Pleistocene or Early Holocene – and before recorded history, specifically before they could be studied alive by ornithological science. They had died out before the period of global scientific exploration that started in the late 15th century. In other words, this list deals with avian extinctions between 40,000 BC and AD 1500. For the purposes of this article, a "bird" is any member of the clade Neornithes, that is, any descendant of the most recent common ancestor of all currently living birds.

Artist's rendition of a Haast's eagle attacking two South Island giant moa

The birds are known from their remains, which are subfossil; as the remains are not completely fossilized, they may yield organic material for molecular analyses to provide additional clues for resolving their taxonomic affiliations. Some birds are also known from folk memory, as in the case of Haast's eagle in New Zealand.

The extinction of the taxa in this list was coincident with the expansion of Homo sapiens beyond Africa and Eurasia, and in most cases, anthropogenic factors played a crucial part in their extinction, be it through hunting, introduced predators or habitat alteration. It is notable that a large proportion of the species are from oceanic islands, especially in Polynesia. Bird taxa that evolved on oceanic islands are usually very vulnerable to hunting or predation by rats, dogs, cats or pigs (animals commonly introduced by humans) as they evolved in the absence of mammalian predators, and therefore have only rudimentary predator avoidance behavior. Many, especially rails, have additionally become flightless for the same reason and thus present even easier prey.

Taxon extinctions taking place before the Late Quaternary happened in the absence of significant human interference. Rather, reasons for extinction are random abiotic events such as bolide impacts, climate changes, mass volcanic eruptions, etc. Alternatively, species may have become extinct due to evolutionary displacement by successor or competitor taxa – it is notable for example that in the early Neogene, seabird biodiversity was much higher than today; this is probably due to competition by the radiation of marine mammals after that time. The relationships of these ancient birds are often hard to determine, as many are known only from very fragmentary remains and complete fossilization precludes analysis of information from DNA, RNA or protein sequencing.

Extinct bird species differed from extant birds by being larger, mostly restricted to islands, and often flightless. These factors made them especially vulnerable to human prosecution and to other anthropogenically related declines.[1]

Taxonomic list of Late Quaternary prehistoric birds[编辑]

All of these birds are in Neornithes.

†象鳥目[编辑]

巨型象鳥（A. maximus）
  • †象鳥科 Aepyornithidae
    • †象鳥屬 Aepyornis
      • 巨型象鳥, Aepyornis maximus - A 2018 study moved the largest elephant bird specimens to the genus Vorombe,[2] but a 2023 genetic study regarded Vorombe as synonymous with Aepyornis maximus.[3]
      • 希氏象鳥, Aepyornis hildebrandti
  • †穆氏象鳥科 Mullerornithidae

†恐鳥目[编辑]

  • †東部恐鳥科 Emeidae
  • †恐鳥科 Dinornithidae
    • †巨恐鳥屬 Dinornis
  • †高地恐鳥科 Megalapterygidae
    • †高地恐鳥屬 Megalapteryx
      • 高地恐鳥, Megalapteryx didinus (South Island, New Zealand) – may have survived into historic times (syn. Megalapteryx benhami)

鴕鳥目[编辑]

†加斯東鳥形目[编辑]

雁形目[编辑]

泛雞形類[编辑]

雞形目 Galliformes'

[查证请求]

鴴形目[编辑]

Gruiformes[编辑]

The group that includes modern rails and cranes.

Eurypygiformes[编辑]

Ciconiiformes[编辑]

Pelecaniformes[编辑]

  • Ardeidae – herons
    • Extinct species of extant genera
    • Placement unresolved
      • Ardeidae gen. et sp. indet. (Easter Island, E Pacific)
  • Threskiornithidae – ibises
    • †Apteribis
      • Maui highland ibis, Apteribis brevis (Maui, Hawaiian Islands)[13]:23–28
      • Molokaʻi ibis, Apteribis glenos (Molokaʻi, Hawaiian Islands)[13]:22–23
      • Maui lowland ibis, Apteribis sp. (Maui, Hawaiian Islands)
      • Lanai ibis, Apteribis sp. (Lanai, Hawaiian Islands)
    • †Xenicibis

Cathartiformes[编辑]

Suliformes[编辑]

The group that includes modern boobies, gannets and cormorants.

Phoenicopteriformes[编辑]

The group that includes modern flamingos.

Procellariiformes[编辑]

The group that includes modern albatrosses, shearwaters, petrels and storm petrels.

  • Procellariidae – petrels
    • Extinct species of extant genera
      • Dune shearwater or Hole's shearwater, Puffinus holeae (Fuerteventura, Canary Islands, and the Atlantic coast of the Iberian Peninsula)
      • Lava shearwater or Olson's shearwater, Puffinus olsoni (Canary Islands, E Atlantic)
      • Saint Helena shearwater, Puffinus pacificoides (St. Helena, South Atlantic)
      • Scarlett's shearwater, Puffinus spelaeus (South Island, New Zealand)
      • Menorcan shearwater, Puffinus sp. (Menorca, Balearic Islands) – possibly an extirpated population of an extant species
      • [[ʻEua shearwater]], Puffinus sp. (ʻEua, Tonga)
      • [[ʻEua petrel]], Puffinus sp. (ʻEua, Tonga)
      • [[Oʻahu petrel]], Pterodroma jugabilis (Oʻahu, Hawaiian Islands)[13]:17–22
      • Canary Islands petrel, Pterodroma sp. (El Hierro, Canary Islands) – possibly an extirpated population of an extant species
      • Imber's petrel, Pterodroma imberi (Chatham Islands, Southwest Pacific)
      • Pterodroma sp. (Henderson Island, S Pacific)
      • Pterodroma sp. (Norfolk Island, Southwest Pacific)
      • Bourne's petrel, Pterodroma sp. (Rodrigues)
      • Pseudobulweria sp. (Taravai, Angakauitai, Mangareva)
    • Placement unresolved
      • Procellariidae sp. (Easter Island, East Pacific) – possibly an extirpated population of an extant species

Sphenisciformes[编辑]

  • Spheniscidae – penguins
    • Extinct species of extant genera
      • Chatham penguin, Eudyptes warhami (Chatham Islands, Southwest Pacific) – possibly still extant between 1867 and 1872
      • Waitaha penguin, Megadyptes waitaha (South Island and Stewart Island, New Zealand)[16]

Columbiformes[编辑]

Mesitornithiformes[编辑]

  • Mesitornithidae – mesites
    • Extinct species of extant genera
      • Monias sp. (Madagascar)

Psittaciformes[编辑]

  • Placement unresolved
    • Psittaciformes gen. et sp. indet. (Rota, Marianas) – cf. Cacatua / Eclectus?
  • Strigopidae – kakas and kakapos
    • Extinct species of extant genera
      • Chatham kākā, Nestor chathamensis (Chatham Islands, Southwest Pacific)
  • Cacatuidae – cockatoos
  • Psittacidae – parrots, parakeets, and lorikeets
    • Extinct species of extant genera
    • Extinct subspecies of an extant species
    • Placement unresolved
      • Psittacidae gen. et sp. indet. 1 (Easter Island)
      • Psittacidae gen. et sp. indet. 2 (Easter Island)
      • Psittacidae gen. et sp. indet. (Guam, Marianas) – cf. Trichoglossus / Vini?

Cuculiformes[编辑]

Accipitriformes[编辑]

Birds of prey

Falconiformes[编辑]

Caprimulgiformes[编辑]

Nightjars and potoos

Aegotheliformes[编辑]

Owlet-nightjars

Apodiformes[编辑]

Swifts and hummingbirds.

  • Apodidae – swifts
    • Extinct species of extant genera

Bucerotiformes[编辑]

Hornbills and relatives. Formerly included in Coraciiformes.

  • Bucerotidae – hornbills
    • Extinct species of extant genera

Piciformes[编辑]

Woodpeckers, puffbird and jacamars.

  • Picidae – woodpeckers
    • Extinct species of extant genera
      • Bermuda flicker, Colaptes oceanicus (Bermuda, West Atlantic) – known from Late Pleistocene and Holocene bones, but may have persisted until the 17th century[25]

Coraciiformes[编辑]

Strigiformes[编辑]

Typical owls and barn owls.

  • Strigidae – typical owls
    • †Grallistrix
      • [[Kauaʻi stilt-owl]], Grallistrix auceps (Kauaʻi, Hawaiian Islands)
      • Maui stilt-owl, Grallistrix erdmani (Maui, Hawaiian Islands)
      • [[Molokaʻi stilt-owl]], Grallistrix geleches (Molokaʻi, Hawaiian Islands)
      • [[Oʻahu stilt-owl]], Grallistrix orion (O'ahu, Hawaiian Islands)
    • †Ornimegalonyx
      • Cuban giant owl, Ornimegalonyx oteroi (Cuba, West Indies)
      • Ornimegalonyx sp. – probably a subspecies of O. oteroi
    • †Asphaltoglaux
    • †Oraristrix
      • La Brea owl, Oraristrix brea (Southern California, North America)
    • Extinct species of extant genera

[查证请求]

Passeriformes[编辑]

  • Placement unresolved
    • Slender-billed Kauaʻi passerine, Passeriformes gen. et sp. indet. (Kauaʻi, Hawaiian Islands)
    • Tiny Kauaʻi passerine, Passeriformes gen. et sp. indet. (Kauaʻi, Hawaiian Islands)
  • Acanthisittidae – New Zealand wrens
  • Corvidae – crows, ravens, jays and magpies
    • Extinct species of extant genera
      • High-billed crow, Corvus impluviatus (Oʻahu, Hawaiian Islands)
      • Robust crow, Corvus viriosus (Oʻahu and Molokaʻi, Hawaiian Islands)
      • New Zealand raven, Corvus antipodum (New Zealand)
        • North Island raven, Corvus antipodum antipodum (North Island, New Zealand)
        • South Island raven, Corvus antipodum pycrafti (South Island, New Zealand)
      • Chatham raven, Corvus moriorum (Chatham Islands, Southwest Pacific)
      • New Ireland crow, Corvus sp. (New Ireland, Melanesia)
      • Puerto Rican crow, Corvus pumilis (Puerto Rico and St. Croix, West Indies) – probably a subspecies of either the Cuban crow (Corvus nasicus) or the palm crow (Corvus palmarum)
  • Hirundinidae – swallows and martins
  • Cettiidae – bush warblers
    • Extinct species of extant genera
      • [[ʻEua bush warbler]], Horornis sp. (ʻEua, Tonga)
  • Zosteropidae – white-eyes
  • Sturnidae – starlings
  • Turdidae – thrushes
    • †Meridiocichla
    • Extinct species of extant genera
      • [[Olomaʻo]], Myadestes lanaiensis (Maui, Hawaiian Islands) – may have survived until the 19th century
  • Mohoidae – Hawaiian honeyeaters
    • Prehistorically extinct species of recently extinct genera
      • [[Oʻahu kioea]], Chaetoptila cf. angustipluma (Oʻahu and Maui, Hawaiian Islands)
      • Narrow-billed kioea, ?Chaetoptila sp. (Maui, Hawaiian Islands)
  • Fringillidae – true finches and Hawaiian honeycreepers
    • †Orthiospiza
    • †Xestospiza
    • †Vangulifer
    • †Aidemedia
    • Prehistorically extinct species of extant and recently extinct genera
      • Slender-billed greenfinch, Chloris aurelioi (Tenerife, Canary Islands)
      • Trias greenfinch, Chloris triasi (La Palma, Canary Islands)
      • Greater Azores bullfinch, Pyrrhula crassa (Graciosa, Azores)[32]
      • [[Kauaʻi finch]], Telespiza persecutrix (Kauaʻi and Oʻahu, Hawaiian Islands)
      • Maui Nui finch, Telespiza ypsilon (Maui and Molokaʻi, Hawaiian Islands)
      • Maui finch, Telespiza cf. ypsilon (Maui, Hawaiian Islands)
      • [[Kauaʻi palila]], Loxioides kikuichi (Kauaʻi, Hawaiian Islands) – possibly survived until the early 18th century
      • Scissor-billed koa finch, Rhodacanthis forfex (Kauaʻi and Maui, Hawaiian Islands)
      • Primitive koa finch, Rhodacanthis litotes (Oʻahu and Maui, Hawaiian Islands)
      • Wahi grosbeak, Chloridops wahi (Oʻahu and Maui, Hawaiian Islands)
      • King Kong grosbeak, Chloridops regiskongi (Oʻahu, Hawaiian Islands)
      • [[Kauaʻi grosbeak]], Chloridops sp. (Kauaʻi, Hawaiian Islands) – may be synomynous with C. wahi
      • Maui grosbeak, Chloridops sp. (Maui, Hawaiian Islands)
      • [[Giant nukupuʻu]], Hemignathus vorpalis (Big Island, Hawaiian Islands)
      • [[Hoopoe-billed ʻakialoa]], Akialoa upupirostris (Kauaʻi and Oʻahu, Hawaiian Islands)
      • [[Giant ʻakialoa]], Akialoa sp. (Big Island, Hawaiian Islands)
      • Akialoa sp. (Maui, Hawaiian Islands)
      • Stout-legged finch, Ciridops tenax (Kauaʻi, Hawaiian Islands)
      • [[Molokaʻi ʻula-ʻai-hawane]], Ciridops cf. anna (Molokaʻi, Hawaiian Islands)
      • [[Oʻahu ʻula-ʻai-hawane]], Ciridops sp. (Oʻahu, Hawaiian Islands)
    • Placement unresolved
      • Drepanidini gen. et sp. indet. (Maui, Hawaiian Islands) – at least three species
      • Drepanidini gen. et sp. indet. (Oʻahu, Hawaiian Islands)
  • Estrildidae – waxbills
  • Emberizidae – Old World buntings
  • Passerellidae – New World sparrows
  • Icteridae - New World blackbirds, orioles and grackles

See also[编辑]

References[编辑]

Citations[编辑]

  1. ^ Fromm, Amir; Meiri, Shai; McGuire, Jenny. Big, flightless, insular and dead: Characterising the extinct birds of the Quaternary. Journal of Biogeography. 2021, 48 (9): 2350–2359. S2CID 237285682. doi:10.1111/jbi.14206. 
  2. ^ Hansford, J. P.; Turvey, S. T. Unexpected diversity within the extinct elephant birds (Aves: Aepyornithidae) and a new identity for the world's largest bird. Royal Society Open Science. 2018-09-26, 5 (9): 181295. Bibcode:2018RSOS....581295H. PMC 6170582 可免费查阅. PMID 30839722. doi:10.1098/rsos.181295. 
  3. ^ Grealy, Alicia; Miller, Gifford H.; Phillips, Matthew J.; Clarke, Simon J.; Fogel, Marilyn; Patalwala, Diana; Rigby, Paul; Hubbard, Alysia; Demarchi, Beatrice; Collins, Matthew; Mackie, Meaghan; Sakalauskaite, Jorune; Stiller, Josefin; Clarke, Julia A.; Legendre, Lucas J. Molecular exploration of fossil eggshell uncovers hidden lineage of giant extinct bird. Nature Communications. 2023-02-28, 14 (1): 914. ISSN 2041-1723. doi:10.1038/s41467-023-36405-3 可免费查阅 （英语）. 
  4. ^ Buffetaut1, Eric; Angst, Delphine. How Large was the Giant Ostrich of China? (PDF). EVOLUÇÃO – Revista de Geistória e Pré-História. 2017, 2 (1): 6–8 [9 January 2023]. 
  5. ^ Jain, Sonal; Rai, Niraj; Kumar, Giriraj; Pruthi, Parul Aggarwal; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy; Bajpai, Sunil; Pruthi, Vikas. Ancient DNA Reveals Late Pleistocene Existence of Ostriches in Indian Sub-Continent. PLOS ONE. 2017, 12 (3): e0164823. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1264823J. PMC 5342186 可免费查阅. PMID 28273082. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0164823 可免费查阅. 
  6. ^ Miller, G. H.; Magee, J. W.; Johnson, B. J.; Fogel, M. L.; Spooner, N. A.; McCulloch, M. T.; Ayliffe, L. K. Pleistocene Extinction of Genyornis newtoni: Human Impact on Australian Megafauna. Science. 1999-01-08, 283 (5399): 205–208. PMID 9880249. doi:10.1126/science.283.5399.205. 
  7. ^ Emsile, Steven D. (1985). ”A New Species of Teal from the Pleistocene (Rancholabrean) of Wyoming” https://sora.unm.edu/node/24087
  8. ^ Paradise shelduck | Pūtangitangi | New Zealand Birds Online. www.nzbirdsonline.org.nz. [2023-03-30]. 
  9. ^ Mitchell, Kieren J.; Wood, Jamie R.; Scofield, R. Paul; Llamas, Bastien; Cooper, Alan. Ancient mitochondrial genome reveals unsuspected taxonomic affinity of the extinct Chatham duck (Pachyanas chathamica) and resolves divergence times for New Zealand and sub-Antarctic brown teals. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 2014, 70: 420–428. PMID 23994164. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2013.08.017. 
  10. ^ Guthrie, David A.; Thomas, Howell W.; Kennedy, George L. An extinct Late Pleistocene Puffin from the Southern California Channel Islands. (Aves: Alcidae). (PDF). Proceedings of a Fifth California Islands Symposium. 2000: 525–530. 
  11. ^ Olson, Storrs L. A paleontological perspective of West Indian birds and mammals (PDF). Gill, Frank (编). Zoogeography in the Caribbean: The 1975 Leidy Medal Symposium. Special Publication 13. Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 1978: 99–117 [106]. ISBN 1422317854. 
  12. ^ William Suárez. The fossil avifauna of the tar seeps Las Breas de San Felipe, Matanzas, Cuba. Zootaxa. 2020, 4780 (1): zootaxa.4780.1.1. PMID 33055754. S2CID 219510089. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4780.1.1. 
  13. ^ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Olson, Storrs L.; James, Helen F. Descriptions of Thirty-Two New Species of Birds from the Hawaiian Islands: Part I. Non-Passeriformes. Ornithological Monographs. 1991, 45 (45): 1–88. JSTOR 40166794. doi:10.2307/40166794. hdl:10088/1745. 
  14. ^ van Tets, G.F. An extinct new species of cormorant (Phalacrocoracidae, Aves) from a Western Australian peat swamp. Records of the South Australian Museum. 1994, 27 (2): 135–138. 
  15. ^ Rawlence, Nicolas J.; Till, Charlotte E.; Easton, Luke J.; Spencer, Hamish G.; Schuckard, Rob; Melville, David S.; Scofield, R. Paul; Tennyson, Alan J.D.; Rayner, Matt J.; Waters, Jonathan M.; Kennedy, Martyn. Speciation, range contraction and extinction in the endemic New Zealand King Shag complex. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 2017, 115: 197–209. PMID 28803756. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2017.07.011. 
  16. ^ Boessenkool, Sanne; et al. Relict or colonizer? Extinction and range expansion of penguins in southern New Zealand. Proc. R. Soc. B. 2008, 276 (1658): 815–21. PMC 2664357 可免费查阅. PMID 19019791. doi:10.1098/rspb.2008.1246. 
  17. ^ 17.0 17.1 17.2 Balouet, J.C.; Olson, Storrs L. Fossil birds from Late Quaternary deposits in New Caledonia. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology. 1989, 469 (469): 18–19. doi:10.5479/si.00810282.469. 
  18. ^ Olson, Storrs L.; Suárez, William. The Cuban fossil eagle Aquila borrasi Arredondo: A scaled-up version of the Great Black-Hawk Buteogallus urubitinga (Gmelin) (PDF). Journal of Raptor Research (Raptor Research Foundation). 2007-04-20, 41 (4): 288–298. S2CID 55380044. doi:10.3356/0892-1016(2007)41[288:TCFEAB]2.0.CO;2. 
  19. ^ Hailer, F., James, H.F., Olson, S.L., & Fleischer, R.C. (2015). Distinct and extinct: genetic differentiation of the Hawaiian eagle. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution, 83, 40-43
  20. ^ Goodman, Steven M. Description of a new species of subfossil eagle from Madagascar: Stephanoaetus (Aves: Falconiformes) from the deposits of Ampasambazimba. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 1994, (107): 421–428. 
  21. ^ Olson, Storrs L. A New Species of Large, Terrestrial Caracara from Holocene Deposits in Southern Jamaica (Aves: Falconidae). Journal of Raptor Research (The Raptor Research Foundation). 2008, 42 (4): 265–272. S2CID 84510858. doi:10.3356/JRR-08-18.1 可免费查阅. 
  22. ^ Olson, Storrs L. A new species of Siphonorhis from Quaternary cave deposits in Cuba (Aves: Caprimulgidae) (PDF). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 1985, 98 (2): 526–532. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2014-09-03）. 
  23. ^ Holdaway, Richard N.; Jones, Martin D.; Athfield, Nancy R. Beavan. Late Holocene extinction of the New Zealand owlet‐nightjar. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand. December 2002, 32 (4): 653–667. S2CID 129691446. doi:10.1080/03014223.2002.9517714 可免费查阅. 
  24. ^ Steadman, David W. A new species of swiftlet (Aves: Apodidae) from the late Quaternary of Mangaia, Cook Islands, Oceania. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 8 July 2002, 22 (2): 326–331. S2CID 84817651. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2002)022[0326:ANSOSA]2.0.CO;2. 
  25. ^ Olson, Storrs L. Fossil woodpeckers from Bermuda with the description of a new species of Colaptes (Aves: Picidae). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 2013, 126 (#1): 17–24. S2CID 84248107. doi:10.2988/0006-324X-126.1.17. 
  26. ^ Goodman, Steven M. A description of a new species of Brachypteracias (Family Brachypteraciidae) from the Holocene of Madagascar. Ostrich. 2000, 71 (1–2): 318–322. S2CID 83685435. doi:10.1080/00306525.2000.9639941. 
  27. ^ 27.0 27.1 Suárez, William; Olson, Storrs L. Systematics and distribution of the living and fossil small barn owls of the West Indies (Aves: Strigiformes: Tytonidae). Zootaxa. 2020, 4830 (3): 544–564. PMID 33056145. S2CID 222819958. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4830.3.4. 
  28. ^ Wetmore, Alexander. Bird Remains from Cave Deposits on Great Exuma Island in the Bahamas (PDF). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College. 1937, 80: 427–441. 
  29. ^ Millener, P. R. Contributions to New Zealand's Late Quaternary avifauna. 1: Pachyplichas, a new genus of wren (Aves: Acanthisittidae), with two new species. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand. December 1988, 18 (4): 383–406. doi:10.1080/03036758.1988.10426464. 
  30. ^ Millener, P. R.; Worthy, T.H. Contributions to New Zealand's late Quaternary avifauna. II. Dendroscansor decurvirostris, a new genus and species of wren (Aves: Acanthisittidae).. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand. 1991, 21: 179–200. doi:10.1080/03036758.1991.10431406. 
  31. ^ Hume, J. P. Systematics, morphology, and ecological history of the Mascarene starlings (Aves: Sturnidae) with the description of a new genus and species from Mauritius (PDF). Zootaxa. 2014, 3849 (1): 1–75. PMID 25112426. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3849.1.1. 
  32. ^ Rando, J.C; Pieper, H.; Olson, Storrs L.; Pereira, F.; Alcover, J.A. A new extinct species of large bullfinch (Aves: Fringillidae: Pyrrhula ) from Graciosa Island (Azores, North Atlantic Ocean). Zootaxa. 2017-06-27, 4282 (3): 567. ISSN 1175-5334. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4282.3.9 （英语）. 
  33. ^ Rando, J. C.; Lopez, M.; Segui, B. A New Species of Extinct Flightless Passerine (PDF). The Condor. February 1999, 101 (1): 1–13 [2008-08-01]. JSTOR 1370440. doi:10.2307/1370440. 

General[编辑]

  • Steadman, David William (2006): Extinction and Biogeography of Tropical Pacific Birds. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-77142-3
  • Balouet, Jean-Christophe; Olson, Storrs L. (1989) Fossil birds from late Quaternary deposits in New Caledonia. Washington, D. C. Smithsonian contributions to zoology; Nr. 469. Smithsonian Institution Press
  • Goodman, S.M. and Patterson, B.D. (1997) Natural Change and Human Impact in Madagascar. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington and London. 432 S. ISBN 978-1-56098-683-6
  • del Hoyo, J., Andrew Elliott, David Christie (2007) Handbook of the Birds of the World Volume 12 Picathartes to Tits and Chickadees, Lynx Edicions, 2007. ISBN 84-96553-42-6
  • Turvey, Samuel T. (edit.) (2009) Holocene Extinctions. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-953509-5
  • Feduccia, Alan (1999) The Origin and Evolution of Birds. 2nd. Edit. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-07861-9
  • Olson, Storrs L.; James, Helen F. Descriptions of Thirty-Two New Species of Birds from the Hawaiian Islands: Part I. Non-Passeriformes. Ornithological Monographs. 1991, 45 (45): 1–91. JSTOR 40166794. doi:10.2307/40166794. hdl:10088/1745. 
  • James, Helen F.; Olson, Storrs L. Descriptions of Thirty-Two New Species of Birds from the Hawaiian Islands: Part II. Passeriformes. Ornithological Monographs. 1991, 46 (46): 1–92. JSTOR 40166713. doi:10.2307/40166713. hdl:10088/1745. 

External links[编辑]

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鳥類（綱：鳥綱）
解剖學
行為
進化
化石鳥類列表（英语：List of fossil bird genera）
鳥類與人類
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鳥綱
古顎下綱
今顎下綱
雞雁小綱
新鳥小綱
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夜鳥類
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南鳥類
鹦雀总目
取自“https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Draft:晚第四紀史前鳥類列表&oldid=80398692”